TABLE 2.
Multivariable model examining the effect of diabetes medication groups and glycemic control on risk of HCC in patients with NAFLD diabetes in the combined landmark model; range of number of patients for each landmark time is 84,616 to 77,102
| Risk factor | HR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Age (ref: <55) | ||
| 55–65 | 1.72 (1.40, 2.12) | <0.0001 |
| >65 | 2.06 (1.66, 2.56) | <0.0001 |
| Sex (ref: male) | ||
| Female | 0.32 (0.18, 0.55) | <0.0001 |
| Race (ref: White) | ||
| African American | 0.38 (0.29, 0.49) | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic | 1.61 (1.36, 1.92) | <0.0001 |
| Other | 1.13 (0.85, 1.52) | 0.41 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Obesity | 1.20 (1.08, 1.35) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.22 (0.92, 1.61) | 0.16 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.71 (0.57, 0.89) | 0.003 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.99 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.83 |
| FIB4 ≥ 1.45 | 5.33 (4.73, 6.00) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes-related variables | ||
| Duration of diabetes (per year) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes complications | 1.24 (1.12, 1.38) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c <7 ≥80% of time | 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes medications (ref: none) | ||
| Metformin alone | 0.77 (0.65, 0.90) | 0.001 |
| Sulfonylureas alone | 0.98 (0.84, 1.16) | 0.84 |
| Insulin alone | 1.05 (0.88, 1.27) | 0.57 |
| Metformin-sulfonylureas | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.81 |
| Sulfonylureas-thiazolidinedione | 0.97 (0.56, 1.69) | 0.92 |
| Metformin-sulfonylureas-thiazolidinedione | 0.84 (0.54, 1.30) | 0.42 |
| Insulin-metformin | 1.53 (1.26, 1.86) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin-sulfonylureas | 0.87 (0.66, 1.16) | 0.34 |
| Insulin-metformin-sulfonylureas | 1.71 (1.41, 2.08) | <0.0001 |
Note: Models adjusted for health care utilization. The models also included patients who were on at least one of the diabetes medications for >75% of the time during the year before each landmark time.