Table 1.

Evaluation of the behaviour of TNHs nanoconstructs in biological media

Stability in cell culture medium
Time	(a) Mean size (nm)		(b) Concentration (part/mL)		(c) Percentage decrease (as percentage) from initial t0 value %co-ZnO
	Medium	TNHs	Medium	TNHs
t0	86 ± 4	128 ± 8	3.88 × 109 ± 3.44 × 108	3.96 × 109 ± 5.57 × 108	–
1 h	79 ± 5	144 ± 4	5.18 × 109 ± 1.05 × 108	6.42 × 109 ± 4.25 × 108	− 17 ± 3%
24 h	78 ± 6	138 ± 3	3.60 × 109 ± 1.50 × 108	7.52 × 109 ± 1.40 × 109	− 20 ± 4%
48 h	83 ± 4	135 ± 13	4.60 × 109 ± 7.73 × 108	5.66 × 109 ± 1.23 × 109	− 15 ± 10%

(d) Clotting time in human recovered plasma
	Ctrl (plasma)	Plasma + Phys. solution	Plasma + Phys. solution + water	Plasma + Phys. solution + water and TNHs
Time (min)	10.3 ± 0.3	10.4 ± 0.3	10.7 ± 0.5	9.5 ± 0.6

(a) Mean size and (b) concentration of TNHs assessed through Nanoparticles Tracking Analysis at t₀ and after 1, 24 and 48 h incubation at 37 °C in cell culture medium. (c) Estimation of the coupling efficiency after 1, 24 and 48 h incubation at 37 °C in cell culture medium expressed as percentage decrease of %co-ZnO with respect to t₀. (d) Plasma clotting time measurements following the incubation with TNHs. The values for plasma alone, plasma/physiological solution, plasma/bd water and physiological solution 1:1 (v/v) are reported as controls. All experiments were conducted at least in duplicate