Table 2.

Targets for the control of glycemia

Parameter		Target	Population	Guideline	References
Glycemia	HbA1c	Consistent with current ADA guideline		AHA	[39]
		< 6%	Pregnancy patients without significant hypoglycemia	ADA	[38]
		< 6.5%	Children and adolescents patients with a short duration of DM, lesser degrees of β-cell dysfunction and no evidence of CVD
		< 7%	Nonpregnant patients without significant hypoglycemia
		< 8%	Patients with limited life expectancy or where the harms of treatment are greater than the benefits
		< 7%	Patients with developing microvascular complications	ESC/EASD	[40]
		6.0–6.5%	Younger patients with a short duration of DM and no evidence of CVD
		< 8% or ≤ 9%	Elderly patients with longstanding DM and limited life expectancy, and frailty with multiple comorbidities
		< 7%	Older/frail adults	ESC	[41]
		≤ 6.5%	In early diagnosis, not frail and without established ASCVD

DM diabetes Mellitus, CVD cardiovascular disease, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, AHA American Heart Association, ADA American Diabetes Association, ESC European Society of Cardiology, EASD European Association for the Study of Diabetes