Table 3.
Association between days missed at work and Body Mass Index
| Mixed Effect Negative Binomial Regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (n = 8991) | Model 2 (n = 6932) | Model 3 (n = 8956) | Model 4 (n = 7906) | |
| (BMI) | (BMI + Chronic Diseases) | (BMI + Lifestyle Habits) | (BMI + Chronic Diseases + Lifestyle Habits) | |
| IRR (p-value) | IRR (p-value) | IRR (p-value) | IRR (p-value) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal Weight | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| - | - | - | - | |
| Underweight |
1.18 (0.685) [0.52–2.67] |
1.33 (0.546) [0.53–3.35] |
1.13 (0.771) [0.50–2.55] |
1.34 (0.536) [0.53–3.37] |
| Overweight |
1.14 (0.294) [0.89–1.46] |
0.97 (0.925) [0.75–1.30] |
1.14 (0.296) [0.89–1.46] |
1.01 (0.968) [0.76–1.33] |
| Obese |
1.76 (0.001) [1.26–2.46] |
1.63 (0.012) [1.12–2.38] |
1.70 (0.002) [1.21–2.39] |
1.66 (0.009) [1.13–2.44] |
| Time (years) |
1.11 (0.005) [1.03–1.20] |
1.18 (0.003) [1.06–1.32] |
1.11 (0.013) [1.02–1.20] |
1.14 (0.037) [1.001–1.28] |
| Gender | ||||
| Male |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
| Female |
2.83 (< 0.001) [2.24–3.56] |
1.88 (< 0.001) [1.44–2.44] |
2.45 (< 0.001) [1.90–3.16] |
1.79 (< 0.001) [1.35–2.38] |
| Age group | ||||
| 18–24 years |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
| 25–34 years |
2.24 (0.005) [1.27–3.94] |
2.01 (0.024) [1.09–3.68] |
2.32 (0.004) [1.32–4.08] |
2.05 (0.021) [1.12–3.76] |
| 35–44 years |
2.00 (0.013) [1.16–3.46] |
1.58 (0.123) [0.88–2.83] |
2.09 (0.008) [1.21–3.62] |
1.60 (0.116) [0.89–2.89] |
| 45–54 years |
2.07 (0.011) [1.18–3.60] |
1.37 (0.303) [0.75–2.50] |
2.20 (0.006) [1.26–3.53] |
1.40 (0.274) [0.76–2.58] |
| 55–64 years |
1.79 (0.059) [0.98–3.29] |
0.98 (0.953) [0.50–1.92] |
1.91 (0.038) [1.04–3.53] |
0.98 (0.962) [0.50–1.94] |
| 65 or more years |
1.64 (0.340) [0.59–4.57] |
1.06 (0.921) [0.32–3.53] |
1.61 (0.363) [0.58–4.49] |
0.98 (0.969) [0.29–3.24] |
| NUTS II | ||||
| Lisboa |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
| Porto |
0.88 (0.421) [0.64–1.20] |
0.87 (0.447) [0.62–1.24] |
0.94 (0.715) [0.66–1.24] |
0.88 (0.460) [0.62–1.24] |
| Centro |
1.02 (0.922) [0.72–1.44] |
1.04 (0.823) [0.71–1.54] |
1.02 (0.931) [0.72–1.44] |
1.01 (0.952) [0.69–1.49] |
| Alentejo |
0.56 (0.038) [0.32–0.97] |
0.63 (0.144) [0.34–1.17] |
0.55 (0.034) [0.32–0.96] |
0.59 (0.089) [0.32–1.08] |
| Algarve |
1.01 (0.982) [0.52–1.95] |
1.10 (0.806) [0.52–2.34] |
1.02 (0.947) [0.53–1.99] |
1.08 (0.837) [0.51–2.31] |
| Azores |
0.57 (0.008) [0.37–0.86] |
0.60 (0.035) [0.38–0.97] |
0.58 (0.011) [0.38–0.88] |
0.59 (0.029) [0.37–0.95] |
| Madeira |
0.54 (0.007) [0.35–0.84] |
0.52 (0.010) [0.32–0.86] |
0.57 (0.012) [0.36–0.88] |
0.51 (0.008) [0.31–0.84] |
| Education level (years) | ||||
| 9 or less years |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
1 - |
| 10–12 years |
2.17 (< 0.001) [1.64–2.85] |
2.08 (< 0.001) [1.44–3.00] |
2.02 (< 0.001) [1.82–3.51] |
1.99 (< 0.001) [1.46–2.71] |
| 13 or more years |
2.67 (< 0.001) [1.93–3.70] |
2.10 (< 0.001) [1.54–2.85] |
2.53 (< 0.001) [1.82–3.51] |
2.06 (< 0.001) [1.41–2.99] |
| Chronic Diseases | ||||
| Mental | - |
2.63 (< 0.001) [1.75–3.94] |
- |
2.49 (< 0.001) [1.66–3.75] |
| Rheumatic | - |
2.94 (< 0.001) [2.07–4.18] |
- |
2.98 (< 0.001) [2.10–4.24] |
| Cancer | - |
6.58 (< 0.001) [2.81–15.38] |
- |
6.43 (< 0.001) [2.76–14.98] |
| Allergies | - |
1.35 (0.057) [0.99–1.84] |
- |
1.33 (0.074) [0.97–1.81] |
| Gastrointestinal | - |
1.67 (0.013) [1.11–2.52] |
- |
1.69 (0.012) [1.12–2.54] |
| Lung disease | - |
2.86 (0.003) [1.44–5.67] |
- |
2.85 (0.003) [1.43–5.64] |
| Renal Colic | - |
2.57 (< 0.001) [1.52–4.36] |
- |
2.56 (< 0.001) [1.52–4.34] |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Never | - | - |
1 - |
1 - |
| Daily | - | - |
0.50 (< 0.001) [0.35–0.70] |
0.63 (0.026) [0.42–0.95] |
| Occasionally | - | - |
0.68 (0.003) [0.53–0.87] |
0.81 (0.137) [0.61–1.07] |
| Smoking habits | ||||
| Never | - | - |
1 - |
1 - |
| Daily | - | - |
1.33 (0.042) [1.01–1.75] |
1.34 (0.061) [0.99–1.82] |
| Occasionally | - | - |
0.55 (0.078) [0.28–1.07] |
0.77 (0.486) [0.36–1.62] |
| In the past | - | - |
1.61 (0.011) [1.12–2.33] |
2.01 (0.003) [1.26–3.21] |
| Regular Exercise | ||||
| No | - | - |
1 - |
1 - |
| Yes | - | - |
0.74 (0.008) [0.60–0.92] |
0.79 (0.070) [1.26–3.21] |
Notes:
1) All regressions were adjusted to age, sex, education level, NUTII and time
2) Chronic Disease means all diseases with p value ≤ 0.02 level of significance on the hypothesis tests, including mental disorder, rheumatic disease, cancer, gastrointestinal disease, allergies, lung disease, renal colic. 3) Lifestyle habits include alcohol, tobacco, and physical activity
IRR Incidence rate ratio
CI Confidence interval
BMI Body Mass Index
Normal Weight – 18.5 -24.9 kg/m2; BMI Overweight 25.0.29.9 kg/m2; BMI; Obese > = 30.0 kg/m2 BMI
NUTT—Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics