Schematic of potential neural mechanisms of fentanyl abuse. Specific types of neurons and neural circuits that are involved in fentanyl taking and seeking are shown in a sagittal cross-section of the brain. SC, somatosensory cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; VTA, ventral tegmental area; NAc, nucleus accumbens; Hypo, hypothalamus; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; PrL, prelimbic cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; Pir, piriform cortex; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus.