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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Geriatr Med. 2022 May;38(2):193–219. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2021.11.015

Figure 4. Balance of pro-regenerative and mechano-inflammatory responses in articular cartilage with abnormal mechanical load.

Figure 4.

Compressive load leads to sodium dependent release of pericellular matrix growth factors, which drive repair and chondroprotection through a variety of intracellular signalling pathways. Surface shear stress (perpendicular to compressive load) leads to activation of TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) dependent inflammatory signalling and results in nerve growth factor regulation (driving pain) and matrix degradation.