Table 3.

Hierarchical multiple linear regression model statistics.

Outcome	Model	Block	Adjusted R2	∆ R2	F change	fd1	fd2	p
DASS-21 stress	1	Age, sex, and education	0.159	0.160	187.908	3	2966	<0.001
	2	Socioeconomic factors	0.192	0.035	16.088	8	2958	<0.001
	3	COVID-related variables	0.422	0.231	148.495	8	2950	<0.001
	4	Psychiatric characteristics	0.499	0.078	65.851	7	2943	<0.001
	5	Substance use	0.503	0.005	4.667	6	2937	<0.001
DASS-21 anxiety	1	Age, sex, and education	0.122	0.123	138.175	3	2963	<0.001
	2	Socioeconomic factors	0.165	0.046	20.265	8	2955	<0.001
	3	COVID-related variables	0.356	0.191	110.169	8	2947	<0.001
	4	Psychiatric characteristics	0.452	0.097	75.240	7	2940	<0.001
	5	Substance use	0.454	0.003	2.552	6	2934	0.018
DASS-21 depression	1	Age, sex, and education	0.120	0.121	136.115	3	2967	<0.001
	2	Socioeconomic factors	0.176	0.058	25.959	8	2959	<0.001
	3	COVID-related variables	0.347	0.173	98.227	8	2951	<0.001
	4	Psychiatric characteristics	0.428	0.082	60.785	7	2944	<0.001
	5	Substance use	0.435	0.007	6.464	6	2938	<0.001
PCL-5	1	Age, sex, and education	0.111	0.112	120.044	3	2851	<0.001
	2	Socioeconomic factors	0.177	0.068	29.555	8	2843	<0.001
	3	COVID-related variables	0.372	0.196	111.603	8	2835	<0.001
	4	Psychiatric characteristics	0.473	0.101	78.355	7	2828	<0.001
	5	Substance use	0.477	0.005	4.284	6	2822	<0.001

Notes. DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. PCL-5: Posttraumatic Checklist for DSM-5. Statistically significant p-values are highlighted in bold. R² represents the percentage of the outcome variable explained by the model. ∆ R² means the amount of improve in the prediction of the outcome when a new block of variables is added to the model. F statistic indicates the ANOVA statistic for the model. fd:: freedom degrees.