Table 2.
Chi-square analyses across trial accrual outcomes
| Outcome 1: Enrollment status among eligible patients |
Combined Trials 1 and 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Declined n (%) | Enrolled n (%) | χ2 | p | ϕc | |||
| Age (n = 535) | 2.938 | 0.087 | 0.074 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 141 (56.9%) | 107 (43.1%) | |||||
| 60 years and older | 184 (64.1%) | 103 (35.9%) | |||||
| Race (n = 528) | 0.002 | 0.961 | 0.002 | ||||
| White | 266 (60.2%) | 176 (39.8%) | |||||
| Non-White | 52 (60.5%) | 34 (39.5%) | |||||
| Ethnicity (n = 490) | 9.711 | 0.002 | 0.141 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 278 (60.0%) | 185 (40.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 8 (29.6%) | 19 (70.4%) | |||||
| Minority Status (n = 529) | 2.578 | 0.108 | 0.070 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 260 (62.1%) | 159 (37.9%) | |||||
| Racial/Ethnic minority | 59 (53.6%) | 51 (46.4%) | |||||
| Outcome 2: Eligibility status among all approached patients |
Trial 1 | ||||||
| Ineligible n (%) | Eligible n (%) | χ2 | p | ϕc | |||
| Age (n = 453) | 5.910 | 0.015 | 0.144 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 56 (29.2%) | 136 (70.8%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 105 (40.2%) | 156 (59.8%) | |||||
| Race (n = 451) | 0.020 | 0.887 | 0.007 | ||||
| White | 135 (35.3%) | 247 (64.7%) | |||||
| Non-White | 25 (36.2%) | 44 (63.8%) | |||||
| Ethnicity (n = 441) | 0.332 | 0.564 | 0.027 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 151 (35.4%) | 276 (64.6%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 6 (42.9%) | 8 (57.1%) | |||||
| Minority Status (n = 452) | 0.133 | 0.716 | 0.017 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 130 (35.2%) | 239 (64.8%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 31 (37.3%) | 52 (62.7%) | |||||
| Outcome 3: Level of interest in study participation among nonenrollees |
Trial 1 | ||||||
| Not at all n (%) | Somewhat n (%) | Very n (%) | χ2 | p | ϕc | ||
| Age (n = 326) | 2.158 | 0.340 | 0.081 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 20 (15.7%) | 90 (70.9%) | 17 (13.4%) | ||||
| 60 Years and older | 40 (20.1%) | 141 (70.9%) | 18 (9.0%) | ||||
| Race (n = 324) | 3.083 | 0.214 | 0.098 | ||||
| White | 47 (17.0%) | 200 (72.2%) | 30 (10.8%) | ||||
| Non-White | 13 (27.7%) | 30 (63.8%) | 4 (8.5%) | ||||
| Ethnicity (n = 321) | 2.300 | 0.317 | 0.085 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 58 (18.5%) | 223 (71.0%) | 33 (10.5%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (57.1%) | 28.6% | ||||
| Minority status (n = 325) | 2.519 | 0.284 | 0.088 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 46 (17.0%) | 196 (72.3%) | 29 (10.7%) | ||||
| Racial and/or ethnic minority | 14 (25.9%) | 34 (63.0%) | 6 (11.1%) | ||||
| Outcome 4: Trends in reasons for study decline |
Trial 2 | ||||||
| Inadequate time | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p | ϕc | ||
| Age | 3.102 | 0.078 | 0.147 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 42 (65.6%) | 22 (34.4%) | |||||
| 60 years and older | 63 (78.8%) | 17 (21.3%) | |||||
| Race | 3.730 | 0.053 | 0.164 | ||||
| White | 85 (75.2%) | 28 (24.8%) | |||||
| Non-White | 14 (56.0%) | 11 (44.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 0.001 | 0.974 | 0.003 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 72 (72.0%) | 28 (28.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) | |||||
| Minority status | 3.807 | 0.051 | 0.165 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 82 (75.9%) | 26 (24.1%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 18 (58.1%) | 13 (41.9%) | |||||
| Stress and Overwhelm | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p or FET* | ϕc | ||
| Age | 3.203 | 0.074 | 0.149 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 58 (90.6%) | 6 (9.4%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 78 (97.3%) | 2 (2.5%) | |||||
| Race | 0.181 | 0.671 | 0.036 | ||||
| White | 106 (93.8%) | 7 (6.2%) | |||||
| Non-White | 24 (96.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 4.818 | 0.085 | 0.212 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 94 (94.0%) | 6 (6.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) | |||||
| Minority Status | 1.131 | 0.377* | 0.090 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 103 (95.4%) | 5 (4.6%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 28 (90.3%) | 3 (9.7%) | |||||
| Distance | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p | ϕc | ||
| Age | 0.216 | 0.642 | 0.039 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 14 (21.9%) | 50 (78.1%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 15 (18.8%) | 65 (81.3%) | |||||
| Race | 10.612 | 0.001 | 0.277 | ||||
| White | 17 (15.0%) | 96 (85.0%) | |||||
| Non-White | 11 (44.0%) | 14 (56.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 0.181 | 1.000 | 0.041 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 21 (21.0%) | 79 (79.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 1 (14.3%) | 6 (85.7%) | |||||
| Minority status | 7.696 | 0.006 | 0.235 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 17 (15.7%) | 91 (84.3%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 12 (38.7%) | 19 (61.3%) | |||||
| Poor health | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p or FET* | ϕc | ||
| Age | 3.327 | 0.068 | 0.152 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 61 (95.3%) | 3 (4.7%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 69 (86.3%) | 11 (13.8) | |||||
| Race | 0.238 | 0.626 | 0.042 | ||||
| White | 103 (91.2%) | 10 (8.8%) | |||||
| Non-White | 22 (88.0%) | 3 (12.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 0.130 | 0.543 | 0.035 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 90 (90.0%) | 10 (10.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | |||||
| Minority status | 0.593 | 0.436* | 0.065 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 99 (91.7%) | 9 (8.3%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 27 (87.1%) | 4 (12.9%) | |||||
| No perceived distress | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p or FET* | ϕc | ||
| Age | 0.839 | 0.360 | 0.076 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 57 (89.1%) | 13 (16.3%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 67 (83.8%) | 7 (10.9%) | |||||
| Race | 0.056 | 0.813 | 0.020 | ||||
| White | 97 (85.8%) | 16 (14.2%) | |||||
| Non-White | 21 (84.0%) | 4 (16.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 1.316 | 0.254 | 0.111 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 87 (87.0%) | 13 (13.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) | |||||
| Minority Status | 0.799 | 0.390* | 0.076 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 94 (87.0%) | 14 (13.0%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 25 (80.6%) | 6 (19.4%) | |||||
| Past yoga experience | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p or FET* | ϕc | ||
| Age | 1.252 | 0.263 | 0.093 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 60 (93.8%) | 4 (6.3%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 78 (97.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | |||||
| Race | 1.148 | 0.284 | 0.091 | ||||
| White | 108 (95.6%) | 5 (4.4%) | |||||
| Non-White | 25 (100%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 1.066 | 0.340 | 0.100 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 95 (95.0%) | 5 (5.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | |||||
| Minority status | 0.016 | 1.000* | 0.011 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 104 (96.3%) | 4 (3.7%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 30 (96.8%) | 1 (3.2%) | |||||
| Aversion to yoga | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p or FET* | ϕc | ||
| Age | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 56 (87.5%) | 8 (12.5%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 70 (87.5%) | 10 (12.5%) | |||||
| Race | 0.383 | 0.536 | 0.053 | ||||
| White | 100 (88.5%) | 13 (11.5%) | |||||
| Non-White | 21 (84.0%) | 4 (16.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 2.266 | 0.176 | 0.146 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 90 (90.0%) | 10 (10.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) | |||||
| Minority status | 1.887 | 0.212* | 0.117 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 97 (89.8%) | 11 (10.2%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 25 (80.6%) | 6 (19.4%) | |||||
| Safety concerns | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p or FET* | ϕc | ||
| Age | 0.025 | 0.873 | 0.013 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 63 (98.4%) | 1 (1.6%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 79 (98.8%) | 1 (1.3%) | |||||
| Race | 1.391 | 0.238 | 0.100 | ||||
| White | 112 (99.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| Non-White | 24 (96.0%) | 1 (4.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 0.071 | 1.000* | 0.026 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 99 (99.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 7 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||||
| Minority status | 0.898 | 0.398* | 0.080 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 107 (99.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 30 (96.8%) | 1 (3.2%) | |||||
| Religious reasons | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p | ϕc | ||
| Age | 1.623 | 0.203 | 0.106 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 64 (100.0%) | 0 (0%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 78 (97.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | |||||
| Race | 0.223 | 0.637 | 0.040 | ||||
| White | 112 (99.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| Non-White | 25 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 6.296 | 0.127 | 0.243 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 99 (99.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | |||||
| Minority status | 0.898 | 0.398 | 0.080 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 107 (99.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 30 (96.8%) | 1 (3.2%) | |||||
| Other | Not endorsed n (%) | Endorsed n (%) | χ2 | p or FET* | ϕc | ||
| Age | 2.618 | 0.106 | 0.135 | ||||
| Younger than 60 years old | 56 (87.5%) | 8 (12.5%) | |||||
| 60 Years and older | 76 (95.0%) | 4 (5.0%) | |||||
| Race | 4.914 | 0.027 | 0.189 | ||||
| White | 106 (93.8%) | 7 (6.2%) | |||||
| Non-White | 20 (80.0%) | 5 (20.0%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | 0.688 | 1.000 | 0.080 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 91 (91.0%) | 9 (9.0%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 7 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||||
| Minority status | 2.842 | 0.139* | 0.143 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 101 (93.5%) | 7 (6.5%) | |||||
| Racial and/or Ethnic minority | 83.9% | 5 (16.1%) | |||||
Boldface values = statistical significance (p < .05).
*FET = Fisher’s exact test applied where cells generate expected counts <5.