FIGURE 2.

Event‐study estimates for the association of pain management clinic laws and PDMP mandates with overlapping opioid and concurrent opioid/benzodiazepine receipt. (A) Overlapping opioids: pain management clinic laws. (B) Overlapping opioids: PDMP mandates. (C) Concurrent opioids/benzodiazepines: pain management clinic laws. (D) Concurrent opioids/benzodiazepines: PDMP mandates. PDMP, PDMP prescriber check mandates; ppt., percentage points. Point estimates refer to the differences in the outcome associated with each policy in each four‐quarter period relative to effective date, compared to the reference group. State and year fixed effects included, in addition to other covariates. Dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals; period −1 lacks a confidence interval because it was the reference period. Year 0 refers to the first four calendar quarters post‐policy. The reference group comprises the year before the law came into effect and patients in comparison states