TABLE A3.

Mean outcomes by race at baseline in treatment states

	White		Black
Pain management clinic laws
High‐dose receipt	12.4	(12.41–12.45)	10.2	(10.19–10.28)
Overlapping opioids	8.8	(8.75–8.79)	7.6	(7.60–7.69)
Concurrent opioids, benzodiazepines	16.3	(16.23–16.28)	12.4	(12.36–12.47)
>3 prescribers	1.0	(0.98–0.99)	1.2	(1.16–1.20)
>3 pharmacies	0.7	(0.66–0.67)	0.7	(0.67–0.70)
PDMP mandates
High‐dose receipt	11.2	(11.17–11.22)	8.3	(8.24–8.35)
Overlapping opioids	8.3	(8.29–8.33)	7.5	(7.43–7.54)
Concurrent opioids, benzodiazepines	16.2	(16.15–16.20)	13.4	(13.35–13.48)
>3 prescribers	0.9	(0.88–0.89)	1.0	(1.00–1.04)
>3 pharmacies	0.6	(0.55–0.56)	0.6	(0.55–0.57)

Note: Baseline refers to the four‐quarter period prior to the law becoming effective. Ninety‐five percent confidence intervals in parentheses.