TABLE A4.

Marginal effect estimates for each year post‐policy: (a) Pain management clinic laws, (b) PDMP query mandates

(a)
Year	High dose		Overlapping opioids		Concurrent opioids/benzodiazepines		>3 prescribers		>3 pharmacies
	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI
0	−0.239	(−0.322, −0.155)	−0.131	(−0.205, −0.0565)	−0.342	(−0.442, −0.242)	−0.0293	(−0.0536, −0.00489)	−0.0198	(−0.041, 0.00129)
1	−1.46	(−1.57, −1.35)	−0.259	(−0.357, −0.16)	−0.294	(−0.423, −0.165)	−0.0564	(−0.0843, −0.0284)	−0.0134	(−0.038, 0.0112)
2	−2.73	(−2.86, −2.6)	−0.464	(−0.572, −0.355)	0.0842	(−0.0553, 0.224)	−0.0312	(−0.0603, −0.00199)	−0.0525	(−0.0791, −0.0258)
3	−2.95	(−3.09, −2.8)	−0.609	(−0.729, −0.489)	0.0765	(−0.0748, 0.228)	−0.0178	(−0.049, 0.0134)	−0.114	(−0.143, −0.085)
4	−4.07	(−4.22, −3.93)	−0.787	(−0.912, −0.663)	−0.441	(−0.595, −0.287)	−0.0863	(−0.116, −0.0569)	−0.144	(−0.171, −0.116)

(b)
Year	High dose		Overlapping opioids		Concurrent opioids/benzodiazepines		>3 prescribers		>3 pharmacies
	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI	Est.	95% CI
0	−0.0262	(−0.113, 0.061)	−0.322	(−0.39, −0.255)	−0.311	(−0.395, −0.227)	−0.0808	(−0.105, −0.0567)	−0.054	(−0.0811, −0.0269)
1	0.115	(−0.0233, 0.253)	−0.558	(−0.668, −0.447)	−0.53	(−0.663, −0.398)	−0.105	(−0.136, −0.0735)	−0.111	(−0.148, −0.0735)
2	0.57	(0.382, 0.759)	−1.07	(−1.23, −0.915)	−0.813	(−1, −0.627)	−0.139	(−0.181, −0.0971)	−0.136	(−0.187, −0.0858)
3	0.295	(0.0624, 0.527)	−1.62	(−1.81, −1.43)	−1.22	(−1.44, −0.996)	−0.142	(−0.192, −0.0929)	−0.232	(−0.301, −0.163)
4	1.55	(1.24, 1.85)	−2.03	(−2.3, −1.77)	−2.09	(−2.39, −1.78)	−0.15	(−0.21, −0.0891)	−0.194	(−0.277, −0.111)

Note: Marginal effect estimates are percentage points relative to the year prior to effective date and states that never enacted the policy of interest. Year 0 refers to the first four‐quarter period during which the policy was in effect. These marginal effects are plotted in Figures 1, 2, 3.

Abbreviation: Est., estimate.