TABLE 3.

Low vs. high baseline cytokine/growth factor levels in plasma (pg/ml).

Cytokine	Lower levels at baseline	Higher levels at baseline	p-Value	Cohen’s d	Effect Size
GCSF	36.0 ± 8.5 (6)	95.9 ± 18.1 (2)	0.016	2.76	Huge
GMCSF	1.71 ± 0.9 (5)	42.5 ± 18.1 (3)	0.022	2.24	Huge
VEGF	8.6 ± 6.2 (4)	180.3 ± 27.3 (3)	0.0008	4.97	Huge
IL-10	4.03 ± 1.69 (4)	24.04 ± 10.40 (3)	0.075	1.71	Very large
IL-15	0.29 ± 0.06 (4)	6.89 ± 3.95 (3)	0.102	1.53	Very large
IL-17α	0.27 ± 0.11 (3)	4.90 ± 0.62 (3)	0.0018	6.05	Huge
IL-18	0.28 ± 0.08 (3)	5.25 ± 1.37 (3)	0.023	2.95	Huge
PDGF	1725 ± 534 (4)	9371 ± 3203 (4)	0.02	1.72	Very large
INF-γ	2.71 ± 1.11 (5)	7.31 ± 1.29 (2)	0.068	1.94	Very large
TGF-α	0.11 ± 0.06 (4)	1.25 ± 0.30 (3)	0.0074	3.32	Huge
IL-8	2.13 ± 0.77 (6)	6.54 ± 5.83 (2)	0.0081	0.94	Large
NGF	1.20 ± 0.09 (5)	1.94 ± 0.15 (3)	0.0036	3.37	Huge

Numbers in parenthesis indicate number of subjects. Individual values below assay sensitivity not included. For reference, “clinically important” effects are indicated by Effect Size using the following established scale of Cohen’s d (Sawilowsky, 2009): moderate effect (>0.5), large effect (>0.8), very large effect (>1.2), and huge effect (>2.0). Bold values represent significant comparison of lower verses higher.