Table 3.
Literature review.
| Diseases | Literature | Information contents |
|---|---|---|
| NMOSD coexisting with SLE | Birnbaum et al (22) | Two NMOSD patients with a prior history of SLE, one of whom had several relapses after the first episode of NMOSD, the other patient had concurrent anticardiolipin syndrome and cervical myelitis. |
| Motaghi et al. (23) | A 34-year-old woman with acute myelitis as the initial symptom and MRI findings typical of NMOSD. Anti-ANA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-cardiolipin antibodies were all positive, also with hypocomple-mentemia. Regrettably, the NMO-IgG detection was unavailable at that time. During the follow-up period, the patient developed typical clinical manifestations of SLE (rash and light sensitivity). | |
| Piga et al. (24) | 104 patients with SLE coexisting with demyelinating syndrome (DS), including 14 patients classified as NMO and 49 patients classified as NMOSD, the majority of whom were women. In 41 patients, DS was the SLE onset manifestation, and LETM was the most frequent manifestation present in 73 patients. | |
| Kovacs et al. (25) | AQP4-IgG had already existed in sera of 6 SLE patients, and the clinical manifestations of NMOSD appeared in subsequent years. | |
| Bushra et al. (26) | A 15-year-old African American girl who presented with bulbar dysfunction (difficulties in swallowing, speech, and mastication) at age 8, then gait abnormalities, astasia, and distal limb paresthesias appeared 5 months later. Serum AQP-4 antibodies were negative on multiple monitoring and then turned positive until 5 years after the onset. During the process of treatment, the patient manifested obvious mental and behavioral abnormalities and subcutaneous nodules, with multiple positive antibodies (anti-ANA, anti-ENA and anti-SSA antibodies) in serum. | |
| NMOSD coexisting with SS | Javed et al. (27) | 25 patients with NMOSD in which 13 out of 24 patients were NMO-IgG-positive and 4 out of 25 patients were diagnosed with SS. |
| Kim et al. (28) | Of the 20 patients with labial gland biopsy, 16 were positive, while only 4 patients had elevated anti-SSA antibodiy, emphasizing the important role of labial gland biopsy in early diagnosis of SS. Subsequently, identified 8 patients were identified with spinal cord involvement from 112 patients with SS referred to the neurology department, and 7 of them met the diagnostic criteria for NMO and with positive AQP4-IgG | |
| Qiao et al. (29) | 616 patients with SS at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 43 of whom developed NMOSD, with an incidence rate of 7.0%. Moreover, LETM was found in 2 of 22 SS patients, of which only 1 was positive for AQP4-IgG, while no AQP4-IgG was detected in the other 21 patients, including patients with short transverse myelitis (<3 vertebral segments). | |
| Kolfenbach et al. (30) | 17 patients with acute myelitis for 12 years who were diagnosed with SS (6), SLE (5), SS/SLE overlap (2), MS/SS overlap (2), and NMO (2). NMO-IgG was found positive in 4 SS patients, but was not detected in SLE patients. 8 CTD patients met the diagnostic criteria for NMOSD, and 6 NMO-IgG-positive patients relapsed, compared with only three NMO-IgG-negative patients. | |
| Akaishi et al. (31) | 4,447 patients suspected of having NMOSD with acute neurological episodes and the presence of SS-related symptoms, and 1,651 were positive for serum AQP4-IgG. Compared to AQP4-IgG-negative patients, the prevalence of SS was much higher among AQP4-IgG-positive. Additionally, comorbid SS was more prevalent in females, and it had a higher relapse frequency among AQP4-IgG-positive patients. | |
| Min et al. (32) | A case in 2010 in which the patient developed SS and intracranial lesions at the early stage, and NMO-IgG was tested positive one year later. The patient relapsed several times in the following years, but never had ON or LETM. | |
| NMOSD coexisting with SLE or SS | Yasuhiro et al. (33) | 626 hospitalized patients with SLE or SS were retrospectively studied, and sera from 6 patients with suspected NMOSDs and SLE (3) or SS (3) were evaluated. As a result, 2 patients’ (1 with SLE and 1 with SS) sera samples were positive for AQP4-IgG. |
| Martín-Nares et al. (34) | A study included 12 patients with the diagnosis of NMOSD, of whom 7 had SLE and 5 SS. In 5 patients NMOSD followed SLE/SS onset, 4 had a simultaneous presentation, and in 3 NMOSD preceded SS onset. | |
| NMOSD coexisting with SS/SLE | Metha et al. (35) | A woman who developed with a 20-year history of SS presenting with myelitis and MRI-diagnosed intracranial lesions. NMO-IgG serology confirmed the diagnosis of SLE/NMOSD, and follow-up found recurrences in subsequent years. |