Table 2.
Study and patient characteristics.
| References, country | Study design | N (m) | Age in years, (SD) | Population | Mean Tinnitus duration in years (SD) | Mean Hearing Loss [SD] | Used tinnitus questionnaire(s) | Used depression questionnaires |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zachariae et al. (42), Denmark | CSC | 50 (37) | 22-79 | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 5.2 (median 3.1) | NR | THI | BDI |
| Meric et al. (49), France | CSC | 173(97) | 49.6 (13.4) | NR | 58.4(83) months | NR | TRQ | MMPI |
| Andersson et al. (71), Sweden | CCS | 157(90) 86 (47) |
46 (14) 51 (16) |
Cohort recruited via the internet for a trail Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus |
6.6 (7) | NR | TRQ | HADS-D |
| Monzani et al. (43), Italia | CSC | 100 (63) | 54.1 (14.4) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | >3 months | 53.7[14.9]* | THI | HADS-D |
| Oishi et al. (47), Japan | CSC | 285(137) | 59 (14) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 4.3 (6.6) | 37[22]⌢ | THI | SDS |
| Ooms et al. (53), Belgium | CSC | 139(87) | 49 (13) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 2.2(3.9) | 37[22]** | THI | BDI |
| Milerova et al. (48), Germany | CSC | 317(226) | 49 (12.4) | Otorhinolaryngology and psychiatry outpatient clinics with complaints of tinnitus | >6 months | NR | THI, TRQ | SCL90R |
| Zirke et al. (44), Germany | CSC | 100 (45) | 49 (13) | Day ward for seven day multimodal tinnitus retraining therapy | >3 months | 23.9[14.8]* | TQ | HADS-D |
| Granjeiro et al. (70), Brazil | CCS | 68 (31) | 36.8 (N.R.) | NR | 5.95 (6.7) | NR*** | THI | BDI |
| Zeman et al. (61), Germany | CSC | 1,274 (N.R) | Median 52 | Tinnitus Research Initiative database | 5.0 (IQR 1.6; 11.9) | NR | THI | BDI |
| Oron et al. (62), Russia | CSC | 50 (19) | 49.8 (14.4) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 49.8 (14.4) | NR | THI | BDI |
| Kleinstauber et al. (59), Germany | CSC | 373 (217) | 54.6 (12.1) | Internet based guided self-help group and cognitive-behavior group therapy group. | 8.13 (7.66) | NR ♣ | THI, Mini-TQ | HADS-D |
| Temugan eta l. (63), Turkey | CSC | 44 (18) | 37.84 (19.45) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 17.8 months | NR ♦ | THI | BDI |
| Trevis et al. (60), Australia | CSC | 81 (34) | 37.2 (7.0) | Community based sample via online advertisement | >3 months | NR 
|
THI | BDI |
| Weidt et al. (64), Switzerland | CSC | 208(135) | 46.8 (14) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 65.8 months (range 1-480) | NR | THI | BDI |
| Fackrell et al. (68), UK | RSC | 294(212) | 52.8 (N.R.) | Community based sample via online advertisement | 9.0 (range 4 m-50 years) | Right: 19[13]~ Left 19[14]~ |
THI, THQ, TFI | BDI |
| Muller et al. (45), Sweden | CSC | 260 (136) | 62,4 Median | 5th wave of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health | NR | NR ♠ | THI, TFI | HADS-D |
| Kehrle et al. (69), Brazil | CCS | 84 (38) | 37.2 (7.0) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 5.6 (5.9) | NR*** | THI | BDI |
| Hoff et al. (46), Sweden | CSC | 100 (36) | 51 (17) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | >6 months (84%) | NR↔ | THI, TFI | HADS-D |
| Wielopolski et al. (65), Switzerland | CSC | 207 (133) | 46.7 (13.9) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | >1 month | NR | THI | BDI |
| Brueggemann et al. (73), Germany | PSC | 311 (¬) | 48.4 (11.6) | Participants of a seven day multimodal therapy of chronic tinnitus | >3 months | NR | TQ | CES-D |
| Han et al. (67), South Korea | CSC | 248(114) | 52.2 (13.4) male 55.8 (14.5) female |
Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 42.1 ± 81.2 29.1 ± 64.5 |
NRΨ NR Ψ |
THI | BDI |
| Niemann et al. (51), Germany | CSC | 1,416 (695) | 49.8 (12.2) | Participants of a multimodal tinnitus-specific 7-day program (pre-treatment group) | 5 | NR | TQ | CES-D |
| Shin et al. (66), South Korea | CSC | 79 (39) | 53.1 (11.2) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 3.5(3.4) | NR | THQ, TPFQ | BDI |
| Suzuki et al. (50), Japan | CSC | 143 (85) | 61 (24–85) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | Male 42.1 (81.2) Female 29.1 (64.5) |
NR NR |
TFI, THI | SDS |
| Barozzi et al. (52), Italy | CSC | 137 (83) | 48.3 (14.1) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | NR | NR | THI, TFI | BDI-PC |
| Boecking et al. (51), Germany | CSC | 1,238 (614) | 50.1 (12.0) | Self-referral to tinnitus outpatient clinic | NR (>3 months) | NR | TQ | CES-D |
| Fioretti et al. (54), Italy | CSC | 107 (65) | 49.1 (13.9) | Outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 75.7% longer than 6 months. | NR⋎ | TSCH, THI | BDI |
| Wang et al. (55), China | CSC | 206 (106) | 38.1 (12.4) | Patients visiting the outpatient clinic | 0.8 (1.0) | NR | TFI | CES-D |
| Meijers et al. (56), Netherlands | CSC | 308 (208) | 51.8 (12.4) | Patients with chronic tinnitus visiting a tinnitus outpatient clinic | > 2 months | 24.8[23.6]**** | THI, TQ | SCL90R |
| Danioth et al. (72), Switzerland | CCS | 75 (32) | 52.3 (10) | Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | 9.8 (10.4) | NR | Mini-TQ | HADS-D |
| Huttenrauch et al. (57), Germany | CSC | 316(127) | 43.8 (14.4) | Online survey | 10.2 (9.7) | NR | TFI | PHQ-9 |
| Inagaki et al. (58), Japan | CSC | 56(44) | 57.0 (NR) | Outpatient clinic with complaints of tinnitus | Median 1.5 years | NR∞ | THI | SDS |
m, male; CSC, Cross-sectional cohort; CCS, Case–control study, RCS, Retrospective Cohort Study, PCS, Prospective cohort study. ¬ = “equal proportions.” No exact data reported. NR, not reported. *mean PTA hearing threshold in Db (0,5-1-2-4 kHz) ** = mean PTA hearing threshold in Db (0,5-1-2 kHz) *** = only patients with “normal hearing” included. <25 dB hearing loss ⌢ = average pure tone hearing threshold in the ear experiencing tinnitus (500-1,000-2,000 Hz) ♣ = Hearing impairment: 24.7% unilateral, 48.5% bilateral. No hearing test preformed. ♦ = only hearing loss in patients with unilateral tinnitus reported (n=13). No mean score reported. = 83% normal, 11% slight, 6% moderate hearing loss (n = 71) ~= mean PTA hearing threshold in Db (0,5-1-2-4-8 KHz) ♠ = 84.6% hearing problems. 15.4% no hearing problems. ↔= “subjects with varied degrees and types of hearing loss” Ψ= with hearing loss: male 45.6%, female 39.0% (no definition provided) ⋎= Based on the pure tone audiometry (250-8,000 Hz), 68 patients had a hearing loss. **** = Mean pure tone average hearing level (0,5, 1, 2, 4 kHz) of both ears. ∞ = presbycusis was present in 18 cases, sensorineural hearing loss in 11 cases, sudden deafness in 7 cases, and non-hearing loss tinnitus in 7 cases.