Table 4.
Outcomes of studies using HADS to measure depressive symptoms/clinically relevant depressive symptom scores.
| Study, year | TQ | Tinnitus distress [mean (SD)] | Depressive symptoms questionnaire | Depressive symptom questionnaire score [mean (SD)] | Provided definition of clinically relevant depressive symptom scores | Prevalence of clinically relevant depressive symptom scores (%) | Correlation tinnitus distress and depressive symptoms (test used) | 95% CI | Significance: p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersson et al. (71) | TRQ | Internet 38.2 (22.0) outpatient clinic 27.7(21.1) | HADS-D HADS-D |
6.5 (3.9) 5.1 (4.1) | HADS > 11 points | 17 15 |
0.69 (Pearson) 0.54 (Pearson) | NR NR | <0.001 <0.001 |
| Monzani et al. (43) | THI | 27.2 (19.8) | HADS-D | 9.5 (4.1) | HADS > 8 points * | NR. | 0.693 (Pearson) | NR | 0.01 |
| Zirke et al. (44) | TQ | 35.0 (16.1) | HADS-D | 5.1 (3.3) | NR | NR | 0.32 (Spearman) | NR | 0.001 |
| Kleinstauber et al. (59) | THI mTQ | 41.33 (18.46) 13.01 (4.74) |
HADS-D | 5.91 (4.0) | NR | NR | 0.579 (Spearman) NR | NR | <0.001 |
| Muller et al. (45) | THI TFI |
Median 24 (IQR 14 - 38) median 24 (IQR 14 - 38) |
HADS-D | 4.0 (IQR 2 – 8) | NR | 4.6* | 0.42 (Spearman) 0.40 |
NR | <0.01 <0.01 |
| Hoff et al. (46) | THI TFI | 41.7 (21.3) 55.3 (19.9) |
HADS-D | 5.0 (3.5) | NR | NR | NR 0.60 (Pearson) |
0.43-0.73 | N.R. |
| Danioth et al. (72) | mTQ | 10.6 (7.1) | HADS-D | 5.3(3.7) | NR | NR | 0.526 (Spearman) | NR | <0.01 |
Abbreviations and symbols: *, defined as: ‘abnormal high score; NR, not reported; THI, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; TFI, Tinnitus Functional Index; TQ, Tinnitus Questionnaire; TRQ, Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire; mTQ, Mini Tinnitus Questionnaire; HADS-D; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; *; Values over 10, for anxiety, and over 8 for depression, correspond to a significant emotional distress increase.