Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data for people with Parkinson’s disease (n = 201) and control subjects (n = 201)
| Descriptive statistics | p | ||||||
| Variable | PD (n = 201) | CS (n = 201) | PD vs. CS | ||||
| Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | ||
| Gender, M / F | 111 / 90 | – | 109 / 92 | – | 0.920 | ||
| Handedness, R / L / A | 170 / 14/ 7+10na | – | 180/6/10+5na | – | 0.139 | ||
| Age, y | 64.84 | 10.20 | 22–87 | 64.71 | 10.18 | 30–86 | 0.943 |
| Education, y | 13.60 | 3.80 | 4–25 | 14.25 | 3.96 | 4–24 | 0.128 |
| MOCA total score (/30) | 26.58 | 2.68 | 21–30 | 26.97 | 2.29 | 21–30 | 0.246 |
| MDS-UPDRS-III (/132) | 32.80 | 13.40 | 7–88 | 4.59 | 5.10 | 0–27 | < 0.001*,** |
| Hoehn and Yahr | 2.06 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | < 0.001*,** | ||
| Stage 1 / 1.5 / 2 / | 19 / 13 / 119 / 29 / | ||||||
| 2.5 / 3 / 4 / 5 | 18 / 2 / 0+1na | ||||||
| BDI-I (/63) | 8.32 | 6.36 | 0–34 | 4.95 | 4.72 | 0–27 | < 0.001*,** |
| SAS (/42) | 13.63 | 5.49 | 1–32 | 9.84 | 4.75 | 0–25 | < 0.001*,** |
| Languages spoken | 2.81 | 1.10 | 1–4 | 3.56 | 0.78 | 1–4 | < 0.001*,** |
| Disease duration, y | 5.37 | 4.39 | 0–24 | – | – | – | – |
| LEDD | 596.35 | 391.30 | 50–2062 | – | – | – | – |
SD, standard deviation; PD, people with Parkinson’s disease; CS, control subjects; M, male; F, female; R, right-handed; L, left-handed; A, ambidextrous; na, not available; n, sample size; MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society - Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; SAS, Starkstein Apathy Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; LEDD, Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose. *Significant at the 5% level (2-tailed). **Significant at the Bonferroni-adjusted 5% level (p < = 0.05/10).