Table 1.
Comparison of clinical and audio-vestibular function test results across different groups
| Variable | AVL (n = 21) | CI (n = 19) | HC (n = 21) | p | Intergroup Comparisona | ||
| CI versus HC | AVL versus HC | AVL versus CI | |||||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, Mean±SD, y | 66.5±5.8 | 68.7±5.6 | 63.9±6.8 | 0.06 | NS | NS | NS |
| Female, No. (%) | 13 (62) | 13 (68) | 16 (76) | 0.76 | NS | NS | NS |
| Education level, Mean±SD, y | 10.4±3.9 | 10.7±3.4 | 12.1±3.6 | 0.32 | NS | NS | NS |
| Hearing threshold, Mean ± SD | |||||||
| Right, dB | 24.1±10.7 | 22.9±12.2 | 21.3±14.7 | 0.80 | NS | NS | NS |
| Left, dB | 23.5±12.4 | 22.7±11.4 | 20.1±13.8 | 0.67 | NS | NS | NS |
| Central auditory processing test, mean ± SD | |||||||
| Gap Detection Threshold | 5.7±2.5 | 8.7±6.8 | 6.1±3.8 | 0.20 | NS | NS | NS |
| Dichotic Listening (L/R) | 0.6±0.2 /0.6±0.2 | 0.6±0.2 /0.6±0.2 | 0.7±0.2 /0.7±0.2 | 0.16/ 0.08 | NS/NS | NS/NS | NS/NS |
| Speech-in-Noise Test | 0.4±0.2 | 0.4±0.2 | 0.4±0.2 | 0.41 | NS | NS | NS |
| Competing Sentence Test | 0.2±0.2 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.3±0.2 | 0.53 | NS | NS | NS |
| Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), Mean ± SD | |||||||
| Global score | 7.8±3.5 | 9.2±4.0 | 7.6±4.0 | 0.36 | NS | NS | NS |
| Depression, Mean ± SD | |||||||
| IDS_SR | 10.5±7.7 | 11.5±7.4 | 9.3±5.6 | 0.65 | NS | NS | NS |
| Vestibular function test, Mean ± SD | |||||||
| v-HIT gain | |||||||
| Anterior canal (L/R) | 0.7±0.1 /0.7±0.1 | 0.9±0.1 /0.8±0.1 | 0.9±0.1 /0.9±0.1 | <0.001/<0.001 | NS/NS | **/*** | */** |
| Lateral canal (L/R) | 1.1±0.2 /1.1±0.2 | 1.0±0.1 /1.0±0.1 | 1.0±0.1 /1.0±0.1 | 0.24/ 0.04 | NS/NS | NS/* | NS/NS |
| Posterior canal (L/R) | 0.7±0.1 /0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.1 /0.9±0.2 | 0.8±0.1 /1.0±0.1 | <0.001/0.05 | NS/NS | ***/* | **/NS |
| RCT gain | |||||||
| 0.01 Hz | 0.4±0.2 | 0.5±0.2 | 0.5±0.1 | 0.14 | NS | NS | NS |
| 0.02 Hz | 0.5±0.2 | 0.6±0.1 | 0.6±0.2 | 0.12 | NS | NS | NS |
| 0.04 Hz | 0.6±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.003 | NS | * | ** |
| 0.08 Hz | 0.6±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.001 | NS | ** | ** |
| 0.16 Hz | 0.5±0.3 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.002 | NS | ** | ** |
| 0.32 Hz | 0.5±0.3 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.001 | NS | ** | ** |
| 0.64 Hz | 0.7±0.3 | 0.9±0.2 | 0.9±0.2 | 0.001 | NS | ** | ** |
| Overall cognitive status, Mean ± SD | |||||||
| MMSE | 27.3±2.6 | 24.3±5.8 | 28.0±1.6 | 0.009 | * | NS | NS |
| MoCA-B | 24.9±3.6 | 22.2±4.8 | 26.2±1.7 | 0.003 | ** | NS | NS |
| ACE-III | 79.4±10.7 | 69.4±16.3 | 82.1±7.3 | 0.004 | ** | NS | * |
aNS indicates nonsignificant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. MMES, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA-B, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic; ACE, Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination-III; IDS-SR, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (Self-Reported).