Table 3.

Inorganic nanoformulations prepared using plant extracts and investigated in vitro for antidiabetic activity.

Plant	Plant part used	Plant family	Nanoformulation	Properties of nanoparticles(size, shape, zeta potential)	In vitro antidiabetic activity	Reference
Ananas comosus L Merr	Peels of fruit	Bromeliaceae	Silver NPs	NM	Inhibition of α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3), Antioxidant activity	61
Andrographis paniculata (Burm f) Wall ex Nees	Leaves	Acanthaceae	Zinc oxide NPs	96–115 nm, spherical and hexagonal	Inhibition of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), α-glucosidase Antioxidant activity Anti-inflammatory activity	62
Argyreia nervosa (Burm f) Bojer	Leaves	Convolvulaceae	Silver NPs	15 nm, spherical	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase Antioxidant activity	63
Azadirachta indicia A Juss, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L, Murraya koenigii L Spreng, Moringa oleifera Lam, and Tamarindus indica L	Leaves	Meliaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Moringaceae, Fabaceae	Zinc oxide NPs	25–32 nm, spherical	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase Antioxidant activity *Highest activity was observed from nanoparticles of Tamarindus indica	64
Bauhinia variegata L	Flower	Fabaceae	Silver NPs	5–15 nm, spherical	Inhibition of α-amylase Antioxidant activity	65
Calophyllum tomentosum Wight	Leaves	Calophyllaceae	Silver NPs	24 nm, spherical	Inhibition of α- amylase, α- glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4	66
Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens Ex Roth) Derbés & Solier	Whole plant	Scytosiphonaceae	Silver NPs	NM	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase	67
Costus igneus N E Br	Leaves	Costaceae	Zinc oxide NPs	26.55 nm, hexagonal	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase Antioxidant activity	68
*Costus pictus D Don	Leaves	Costaceae	Silver NPs	NM	Inhibition of HbA1c formation, α-amylase	69
Dioscorea bulbifera L	Tubers	Dioscoreaceae	Copper NPs	12 –16 nm, spherical	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase Antioxidant activity	70
Gnidia glauca (Fresen) Gilg and Plumbago zeylanica L	Leaves, flowers and stem Leaves	Thymelaeaceae Plumbaginaceae	Copper NPs	Nanoparticles of leaf extract of Gnidia glauca: 70–93 nm, spherical Nanoparticles of flower extract of Gnidia glauca: 5 nm, spherical Nanoparticles of Plumbago zeylanica: 1–5 nm, spherical	Highest inhibition of α-amylase by NPs of Gnidia glauca leaf extract and flower extract Highest inhibition of α-glucosidase by NPs of Gnidia glauca stem extract and leaf extract	71
Lonicera japonica Thunb	Leaves	Caprifoliaceae	Silver NPs	53 nm, spherical and hexagonal, –35.6 mV	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase Antioxidant activity	72
Millettia pinnata L Panigrahi	Flower	Fabaceae	Copper NPs	13 to 35 nm, polygons, square, spherical and hexagonal	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, HbA1c formation Antioxidant activity	73
Ocimum basilicum L, Ocimum sanctum L	Leaves	Lamiaceae	Silver NPs	3–25 nm, spherical	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase	74
Pisum sativum L	Outer peel of fruit	Fabaceae	Silver NPs	10–25 nm	Inhibition of α-glucosidase	75
Psoralea corylifolia L	Seeds	Fabaceae	Silver NPs	18.0 nm, circular	Inhibition of phosphatase -1B	50
Pterocarpus santalinus L f	Heartwood	Fabaceae	Zinc oxide NPs	20 nm	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase	76
Tephrosia tinctoria Pers	Stem	Fabaceae	Silver NPs	73 nm, spherical	Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase ↑Cellular uptake of glucose as observed by glucose uptake in RBC assay	77

HbA_1c = glycated hemoglobin; NM = not mentioned; NPs = nanoparticles; RBC = red blood cells.

^⁎Methanolic extract of plant material was used in nanoformulation. For all other plants, aqueous extract was used in nanoformulation.