. 2022 Mar 29;100(5):skac095. doi: 10.1093/jas/skac095

Table 3.

Effect of treatment and stage of storage on the fermentation profile of wet brewer’s grain^1,2

Item		Treatment				SEM	P-value
Item	CON	INO	NaL1	NaL2	PRP	SEM	TRT	STG	TRT × STG
pH						0.08	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Fresh	6.07^Aa	6.04^Aa	6.17^Aa	6.22^Aa	4.63^Ab
Ensiled	3.39^C	3.37^C	3.50^C	3.70^C	3.49^B
AES	4.27^Bc	4.28^Bc	4.58^Bb	4.96^Ba	4.56^Ab
Lactic acid, g/kg DM						2.50	<0.001	0.004	0.021
Fresh	<0.56^C	<0.56^C	<0.56^C	<0.56^C	<0.56^C
Ensiled	57.0^A	65.2^A	78.3^A	69.6^A	66.7^A
AES	10.9^Bc	15.7^Bbc	22.3^Bab	28.3^Ba	15.9^Bbc
Acetic acid, g/kg DM						2.13	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Fresh	<1.50^Bb	<1.50^Cb	5.28^ab	8.68^a	<1.50^b
Ensiled	16.1^Ab	24.7^Aa	10.8^b	14.8^b	4.02^c
AES	6.16^Bc	16.9^Ba	10.5^bc	13.4^ab	3.57^c
Propionic acid, g/kg DM						0.95	0.103	<0.001	<0.001
Fresh	<1.50^b	<1.50^Cb	<1.50^b	<1.50^b	15.7^Aa
Ensiled	2.02^bc	3.70^Bb	<1.50^c	<1.50^c	15.8^Aa
AES	2.00^b	6.46^Aa	1.84^b	2.77^b	2.89^Bb
Ethanol, g/kg DM						3.24	<0.001	0.035	0.005
Fresh	<2.50^B	<2.50^B	<2.50^B	<2.50^B	<2.50
Ensiled	31.3^Aa	33.2^Aa	31.0^Aa	24.8^Aa	9.35^b
AES	<2.50^B	<2.50^B	<2.50^B	<2.50^B	<2.50
1,2-propanediol, g/kg DM						0.20	<0.001	0.001	<0.001
Fresh	<0.20^B	<0.20^B	<0.20^B	<0.20^B	<0.20
Ensiled	1.51^Ab	4.00^Aa	0.95^Ab	3.28^Aa	<0.20^c
AES	<0.20^B	<0.20^B	<0.20^B	<0.20^B	<0.20

CON, control (no additive); INO, inoculant delivering L. lactis and L. buchneri 150,000 cfu per g of fresh WBG each; NaL1, sodium lignosulfonate applied at a rate of 10 g/kg fresh basis; NaL2, sodium lignosulfonate applied at a rate of 20 g/kg, fresh basis; PRP, propionic acid (Alfa Aesar; 99%) applied at a rate of 5 g/kg, fresh basis.

Fresh, fresh WBG prior to ensiling; ensiled, ensiled WBG after 60 d of storage; AES, aerobically exposed WBG silage 10 d after opening.

Means with different uppercase superscripts within a column are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

Means with different lowercase superscripts within a row are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).