Table 4.

Effects of introducing dietary self-monitoring via MyFitnessPal on health behaviors among undergraduate women in randomized controlled trial

Health Behavior	Baseline	End of Study	β(SE)a	P value
Nutrition, times/wk
Fruit
Intervention	6.62 (5.67)	6.23 (5.75)	0.16 (0.64)	.81
Control	6.23 (5.36)	6.01 (4.73)
Vegetables
Intervention	12.94 (8.07)	11.60 (6.64)	−0.25 (0.81)	.76
Control	11.19 (6.47)	10.89 (7.05)
Combined fruit and vegetables
Intervention	19.56 (11.11)	17.83 (9.85)	−0.14 (1.14)	.90
Control	17.42 (10.00)	16.90 (9.91)
Drink 100% fruit juice
Intervention	1.23 (1.93)	1.79 (4.07)	0.27 (0.50)	.59
Control	1.49 (2.37)	1.61 (2.93)
Soda
Intervention	0.81 (1.53)	0.87 (1.52)	−0.09 (0.21)	.68
Control	0.98 (1.80)	1.07 (2.04)
Diet soda
Intervention	0.35 (1.19)	0.37 (1.71)	0.16 (0.16)	.31
Control	0.30 (1.49)	0.19 (1.00)
Energy drinks
Intervention	0.24 (0.76)	0.21 (0.74)	0.04 (0.08)	.61
Control	0.16 (0.55)	0.14 (0.51)
Sports drinks
Intervention	0.52 (1.72)	0.41 (1.07)	0.15 (0.12)	.22
Control	0.39 (1.58)	0.24 (0.65)
Low-calorie sports drinks
Intervention	0.14 (0.76)	0.12 (0.63)	0.06 (0.07)	.40
Control	0.11 (0.60)	0.06 (0.34)
Water
Intervention	21.81 (7.57)	20.74 (7.51)	−0.54 (0.78)	.49
Control	21.42 (8.20)	21.12 (7.50)
Sparkling water
Intervention	0.51 (1.53)	0.51 (1.44)	0.05 (0.18)	.77
Control	1.08 (3.13)	0.91 (2.42)
Breakfast
Intervention	4.92 (2.21)	4.87 (2.08)	0.15 (0.21)	.49
Control	4.90 (2.14)	4.71 (2.10)
Physical activity
Physical activity, min/wk
Intervention	134.3 (111.6)	124.1 (108.8)	−25.71 (16.33)	.12
Control	143.6 (134.9)	153.3 (148.5)
Number of days active for at least 30 min
Intervention	3.12 (1.99)	2.79 (2.06)	−0.35 (0.23)	.13
Control	2.95 (2.06)	2.94 (2.13)
Number of strength training days
Intervention	1.10 (1.54)	0.92 (1.34)	0.14 (0.16)	.40
Control	1.18 (1.45)	0.85 (1.13)
Screen time, h/wk
Facebook
Intervention	0.65 (0.82)	0.60 (0.74)	−0.09 (0.09)	.30
Control	0.74 (0.93)	0.73 (0.91)
Instagram
Intervention	1.28 (1.13)	1.09 (0.87)	−0.06 (0.10)	.56
Control	1.36 (1.14)	1.18 (1.02)
Snapchat
Intervention	1.03 (0.98)	1.02 (0.92)	0.11 (0.09)	.26
Control	1.37 (1.14)	1.12 (0.97)
Twitter
Intervention	0.67 (1.07)	0.62 (1.04)	0.07 (0.08)	.40
Control	0.63 (1.03)	0.50 (0.81)
Total social media
Intervention	3.61 (2.60)	3.33 (2.28)	0.00 (0.25)	.99
Control	4.08 (2.68)	3.53 (2.25)
TV
Intervention	0.55 (0.94)	0.80 (1.28)	0.17 (0.16)	.29
Control	0.41 (0.94)	0.59 (1.07)
On-demand service
Intervention	1.52 (1.45)	1.31 (1.37)	−0.15 (0.15)	.33
Control	1.50 (1.44)	1.43 (1.29)
Games/other screen time
Intervention	1.98 (1.89)	1.42 (1.71)	−0.06 (0.20)	.76
Control	2.10 (1.78)	1.55 (1.73)
Screen time (combined TV, on-demand, games)
Intervention	4.04 (2.95)	3.53 (2.86)	−0.09 (0.31)	.78
Control	4.01 (2.54)	3.56 (2.54)
Self-monitoring
Self-weighing, frequency/wk
Intervention	0.66 (1.36)	0.33 (0.72)	−0.35 (0.14)	0.02
Control	0.44 (1.00)	0.60 (1.38)
Physical activity self-monitoring, proportion
Intervention	0.30 (0.37)	0.36 (0.40)	0.05 (0.05)	0.32
Control	0.33 (0.36)	030 (0.35)
Track calories burned during physical activity, proportion
Intervention	0.12 (0.25)	0.20 (0.34)	0.06 (0.04)	0.13
Control	0.15 (0.29)	0.14 (0.26)

^aβ is linear regression coefficient representing change in mental health outcome for those in intervention condition compared with the control condition.