Table 2.

Detailed Characteristics of Scoping Review Sample (N = 34).

Article	Type of source	Participants	Setting(s)	CIM modalities	Diseases	Symptoms	Outcomes/phenomena
Amadoru and McFerran32	Qualitative unstructured individual interviews	Nurse, Other	Pediatric Hospice	Music Therapy	Unspecified	Unspecified	Attitude toward Integration, General Attitude, Perceived Benefits, Types of CIM Offered
Atkin, et al33	Questionnaire	Physician	Inpatient Palliative Care, Outpatient Palliative Care	Unspecified	Unspecified	Anxiety	Access/Availability, Rates of Use, Symptoms Addressed
Broom and Tovey34	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	CIM Provider, Nurse, Occupational Therapist, Pharmacist, Physician, Radiation Therapist	Cancer Center, Hospice, Inpatient Palliative Care	Unspecified	Cancer	Unspecified	Attitudes Toward Integration, Communication/Collaboration, General Attitudes, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Efficacy, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Referral Patterns, Symptoms Addressed
Bucher, et al35	Quasi-experimental: pre-test / post-test	Nurse, Other	Inpatient Palliative Care	Breathing Techniques, Essential Oils, Massage	Unspecified	Unspecified	Knowledge of CIM, Likely to Provide, Likely to Recommend, Sufficient Time
Campbell and Amin36	Qualitative unstructured individual interviews	Nurse, Other	Home Hospice	Traditional Healer	Unspecified	Unspecified	Communication/Collaboration, General Attitudes, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Benefits, Types of CIM Offered
Christina, et al37	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Nurse	Cancer Center, Inpatient Palliative Care	Herbal Therapy, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unspecified	Cancer	Unspecified	General Attitudes, Knowledge of CIM, Personal Use, Sources of Information, Symptoms Addressed, Types of CIM Offered, Willingness to Learn
Coelho, et al38	Scoping review	n/a	Hospice, Home Hospice, Inpatient Palliative Care, Outpatient Palliative Care	Aromatherapy, Art Therapy, Biofeedback, Footsoak, Hypnotherapy, Massage, Music Therapy, Reflexology, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch	Unspecified	Anxiety, Depression, Discomfort, Distress, Fatigue, Pain, Suffering, Well-Being	Characteristics of Delivery, Symptoms Addressed, Contexts for CIM, Patient Characteristics, Types of CIM Offered
Conrad, et al39	Questionnaire	Chaplain, Nurse, Physician, Physiotherapist, Psychologist, Other	Hospice, Inpatient Palliative Care, Outpatient Palliative Care	Acupuncture, Anthroposophic Medicine, Aromatherapy, Art Therapy, Ayurvedic Medicine, Dietary Supplements, Energy Therapy, Homeopathy, Hyperthermia, Light Therapy, Manipulation, Massage, Meditation, Mistletoe, Music Therapy, Osteopathy, Physiotherapy, Phytotherapy, Prayer, Qi Gong, Relaxation, Reflexology, Special Diets, Tai-Chi, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yoga	Cancer	Unspecified	Communication/Collaboration, Ever Recommended, General Attitudes, Knowledge of CIM, Patient Characteristics, Patient Demand, Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Benefits, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Personal Use, Sources of Information, Types of CIM Offered
Egeli, et al40	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Physician	Pediatric Hospice	Massage	Unspecified	Discomfort, Mobility, Pain, Well-Being	Perceived Benefits, Symptoms Addressed
Esplen, et al41	Questionnaire	CIM Provider, Clinical Educator, Nurse, Pharmacist, Physician, Physician Assistant, Psychologist, Radiation Therapist, Respiratory Therapist, Social Worker, Other	Cancer Center, Home Hospice, Inpatient Palliative Care	Music Therapy	Cancer	Cognition, Discomfort, Distress, Memory, Mobility, Pain, Quality of Life, Sleep Disturbance, Well-Being	Access/Availability, Knowledge of CIM, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Efficacy, Perceived Facilitators, Symptoms Addressed, Willingness to Learn
Garnett42	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	CIM Provider, Nurse, Physician, Other	Inpatient Palliative Care	Unspecified	Unspecified	Unspecified	Perceived Benefits
Groen43	Questionnaire	CIM Provider, Nurse	Home Hospice, Hospice	Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Art Therapy, Guided Imagery, Herbal Therapy, Humor Therapy, Hypnotherapy, Massage, Music Therapy, Pet Therapy, Reflexology, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch, Yoga	Unspecified	Anxiety, Communication, Coping, Depression, Grief, Isolation, Mental Status, Pain, Restlessness, Spirituality	Access/Availability, Contexts for CIM, Referral Patterns, Symptoms Addressed, Types of CIM Offered
Hartwig44	Qualitative structured individual interviews	Nurse, Social Worker, Other	Inpatient Palliative Care	Music Therapy	Unspecified	Anxiety, Depression, Isolation, Pain, Spirituality	Characteristics of Delivery, Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Efficacy, Symptoms Addressed
Helmrich, et al45	Qualitative semi-structured focus group interviews	Nurse	Inpatient Palliative Care	Acupressure, Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Guided Imagery, Hyperthermia, Hypothermia, Manipulation, Massage, Reflexology, Reiki, Relaxation, Therapeutic Touch, Other (Unspecified)	Unspecified	Pain	Access/Availability, Knowledge of CIM, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Facilitators, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Symptoms Addressed, Types of CIM Offered
Iwase, et al46	Questionnaire	Physician	Cancer Center, Inpatient Palliative Care	Traditional Japanese Medicines	Cancer	Anemia, Anorexia, Constipation, Depression, Diarrhea, Dysgeusia, Dysphagia, Dyspnea, Edema, Fatigue, Mental Status, Muscle Pain, Nausea/Vomiting, Numbness, Pain, Sleep Disturbance, Xerostomia	Characteristics of Delivery, Patient Demand, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Efficacy, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Symptoms Addressed, Types of CIM Offered, Where in Line of T reatment
Kienle, et al47	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Physician	Cancer Center, Inpatient Palliative Care, Outpatient Palliative Care	Art Therapy, Eurythmy, Herbal Therapy, Hyperthermia, Massage, Mistletoe, Special Diet, Other (Unspecified)	Cancer	Anorexia, Anxiety, Cognition, Edema, Fatigue, Freezing, Nausea/Vomiting, Pain, Quality of Life, Sleep Disturbance, Stiffness	Characteristics of Delivery, Communication/Collaboration, General Attitudes, Patient Demand, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Adverse Effects, Sources of Information, Symptoms Addressed
Kwekkeboom, et al48	Questionnaire	Nurse	Cancer Center	Distraction, Guided Imagery, Music Therapy, Relaxation	Cancer	Pain	Access/Availability, Knowledge of CIM, Patient Characteristics, Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Attitudes of Other Healthcare Professionals, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Efficacy, Perceived Patient Receptivity, Perceived Value of Time Spent, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Rate of Use, Sufficient Time
Lewith, et al49	Questionnaire	CIM Provider, Nurse, Physiotherapist, Physician, Radiation Therapist, Other	Cancer Center, Hospice	Aromatherapy, Massage, Reflexology, Relaxation, Other (Unspecified)	Cancer	Unspecified	Attitudes Toward Integration, Types of CIM Offered, Willingness to Learn
Lin, et al50	Questionnaire	Chaplain, Nurse, Physician, Psychotherapist, Social Worker	Hospice, Inpatient Palliative Care	Acupressure, Acupuncture, Chiropractic, Traditional Chinese Medicine	Unspecified	Anorexia, Constipation, Dizziness, Dyspnea, Edema, Nausea/Vomiting, Pain, Sleep Disturbance, Ulcer, Wound, Xerostomia	Knowledge of CIM, Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Efficacy, Perceptions of CIM Training, Referral Patterns, Sources of Information
Masel, et al51	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Chaplain, Nurse, Physiotherapist, Physician, Other	Inpatient Palliative Care	Herbal Therapy	Cancer	Well-Being	Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Benefits
Mason, et al52	Questionnaire	Physician	Unspecified	Manipulation	Unspecified	Dyspnea, Pain	Perceived Efficacy, Symptoms Addressed, Types of CIM Offered, Willingness to Learn
Millison and Dudley53	Questionnaire	Chaplain, Nurse, Psychologist, Physician, Social Worker, Other	Hospice	Guided Imagery, Meditation, Prayer	Unspecified	Unspecified	Perceived Barriers, Perceived Efficacy, Perceived Facilitators, Types of CIM Offered
Muecke, et al54	Questionnaire	Nurse, Physician, Other	Cancer Center, Inpatient Palliative Care, Unspecified	Acupuncture, Anthroposophic Medicine, Aromatherapy, Dietary Supplements, Herbal Therapy, Homeopathy, Meditation, Mistletoe, Qi-Gong, Reflexology, Relaxation, Special Diet, Tai-Chi, Vitamins, Yoga, Other (Unspecified)	Unspecified	Unspecified	Perceived Efficacy, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Personal Use, Sources of Information, Types of CIM Offered
Munkombwe, et al55	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Nurse	Home Hospice, Hospice, Inpatient Palliative Care	Unspecified	Unspecified	Pain	Characteristics of Delivery, General Attitudes, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Benefits, Where in Line of T reatment
Nakano, et al56	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Nurse, Physician	Inpatient Palliative Care	Aromatherapy, Art Therapy, Massage, Music Therapy, Pet Therapy	Cancer	Unspecified	Attitudes Toward Caregiver Involvement, Context for CIM, General Attitudes, Perceived Efficacy, Where in Line of Treatment
Newell and Sanson-Fisher57	Questionnaire	Physician	Cancer Center	Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Coffee Enema, Dietary Supplements, Faith Healing, Guided Imagery, Herbal Therapy, Homoeopathy, Hypnotherapy, Iridology, Magnetotherapy, Meditation, Microwave Therapy, Mistletoe, Naturopathy, Ozone Therapy, Relaxation, Shark Cartilage, Special Diet	Cancer	Unspecified	Knowledge of CIM, Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Benefit, Perceived Patient Use
O’Kelly and Koffman58	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Chaplain, CIM Provider, Nurse, Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Physician, Social Worker, Other	Hospice	Music Therapy	Unspecified	Cognition, Pain	Attitudes toward Integration, General Attitudes, Perceived Scope of CIM
Sproat59	Questionnaire, Quasi-experimental: pre-test / post-test	Chaplain, Nurse, Social Worker, Other	Hospice	Aromatherapy, Art Therapy, Breathing Exercises, Massage, Meditation, Music Therapy, Yoga, Other (Unspecified)	Unspecified	Unspecified	Attitudes toward Integration, Availability/Access, Knowledge of CIM, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Efficacy, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Personal Use, Source of Information, Types of CIM Offered
Stewart and Cox-Davenport60	Questionnaire	Nurse, Other	Hospice, Unspecified	Breathing Exercises, Guided Imagery, Hyperthermia, Hypothermia, Manipulation, Massage, Music Therapy, Therapeutic Touch	Unspecified	Pain	Access/Availability, Perceived Barriers, Perceived Efficacy, Perceived Patient Receptivity, Perceptions of Training, Rates of Use, Types of CIM Offered
Uritsky, et al61	Questionnaire	Nurse, Physician, Social Worker, Other	Hospice, Unspecified	Marijuana	Unspecified	Agitation, Anorexia, Anxiety, Depression, Discomfort, Distress, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Pain, Restlessness	General Attitudes, Knowledge of CIM, Patient Demand, Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Benefit, Perceived Patient Use
Wagland, et al62	Qualitative semi-structured focus groups interviews, Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Nurse, Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Physician	Cancer Center, Inpatient Palliative Care, Outpatient Palliative Care	Unspecified	Cancer	Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue	Characteristics of Delivery, General Attitudes, Patient Characteristics, Perceived Benefit, Perceived Efficacy, Referral Patterns, Where in Line of Treatment
Wang, et al63	Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews	Nurse	Cancer Center, Outpatient Palliative Care	Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Dietary Supplement, Magnetotherapy, Massage, Naturopathy, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch	Cancer	Distress, Fatigue, Nausea/Vomiting, Pain	General Attitudes, Knowledge of CIM, Perceived Attitudes of Other Healthcare Workers, Perceived Benefit, Perceived Efficacy, Perceived Patient Use, Perceptions of Evidence Base, Personal Use, Types of CIM Offered, Willingness to Learn
Weekly, et al64	Questionnaire	Nurse, Other	Inpatient Palliative Care	Massage	Unspecified	Unspecified	Attitudes Toward Integration, Perceived Benefit
Wong, et al65	Questionnaire	CIM Provider, Nurse, Physician	Cancer Center, Inpatient Palliative Care, Outpatient Palliative Care	Acupressure, Acupuncture, ElectroAcupuncture, Hyperthermia, Moxibustion, Traditional Chinese Medicine	Cancer	Fatigue, Nausea/Vomiting, Pain, Quality of Life	Attitudes Toward Integration, General Attitudes Toward CIM, Perceived Adverse Effects, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Inequities in CIM Delivery, Perceived Patient Receptivity, Perceptions of Evidence Base

CIM = complementary and integrative medicine.