1. Summary of included studies for diagnostic accuracy in suspected participants.
| Study ID | Country of corresponding author | Study design | Age group | Setting | Index test(s) | Definition for index test positivity | Level of training of readers | Reference standard | Prevalence |
| Ai 2020a | China | Suspected patients (unclear) | Adults only | Inpatient | Chest CT | Unclear | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.6 |
| Aslan 2020 | Turkey | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast, low dose) | Pneumonia appeared to be radiologist's impression | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.8 |
| Bahrami‐Motlagh 2020 | Iran | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (low dose) | They reported negative or positive CT, according to previous reports on typical and atypical CT findings of COVID‐19 pneumonia. | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.5 |
| Barbosa 2020 | Brazil | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Unclear | Chest CT | RSNA classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.3 |
| Bellini 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Unclear | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | CO‐RADS classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.2 |
| Besutti 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | A structured report about the probability of COVID‐19 pneumonia | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.8 |
| Bock 2021 | Denmark | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | LUS was performed to determine the presence of the following predefined conditions: focal B‐lines, interstitial syndrome, lung consolidation, pleural effusion and pneumothorax. In all 14 zones, it was noted whether lung sliding, lung pulse, lung point, multiple B‐lines (≥ 3 per intercostal space), or thickened or fragmented visceral pleura were present. A normal LUS was defined as sufficient LUSinvestigation with none of the above‐mentioned findings. | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.4 |
| Bollineni 2021 | Belgium | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Mix of children and adults | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast, low dose) | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.6 |
| Borakati 2020 | UK | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast, IV contrast)/ chest radiographs | BSTI classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.6 |
| Bosso 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Boussouar 2020 | France | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | The conclusion was therefore one of the following: 1) imaging patterns suggesting the presence of COVID‐19; 2) imaging patterns suggesting an alternative diagnosis; 3) imaging patterns suggesting a combination of COVID‐19 with underlying lung disease; 4) CT considered normal | Radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Brun 2021 | France | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (low dose) | Highly probable, probable, and less probable of COVID‐19 pneumonia, alternative diagnosis, or normal. They established their diagnosis based on recent publications from China illustrating typical and atypical patterns in patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia (Pan 2020; Li 2020a; Ye 2020; Kanne 2020, Zhao 2020, Wang 2020a; Salehi 2020) and according to the Radiological Society of North America expert consensus statement (Zhou 2020) | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.6 |
| Caruso 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients(all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | Pneumonia | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Cengel 2021 | Turkey | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | RSNA classification | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.7 |
| Colombi 2020a | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (low dose)/ultrasound of lungs | RSNA classification | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.7 |
| Cozzi 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Unclear | Outpatient | Chest radiographs/ Chest X‐rays | The presence of interstitial infiltrates with predominantly bilateral and basal distribution | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.8 |
| De Smet 2020 | Belgium | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Inpatient | Chest CT | CO‐RADS classification | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.4 |
| Debray 2020 | France | Suspected patients (unclear) | Adults only | Inpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | “Evocative”: multifocal ground‐glass opacities, being nodular or not, or crazy‐paving with or without consolidations, with a bilateral, peripheral or mixed distribution and involvement of the posterior zones | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.6 |
| Deng 2020 | China | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Inpatient | Chest CT (high resolution) | Any one of the following: a) Single, multiple, or diffuse ground‐glass opacity, with thickened blood vessels and thickened bronchial shadows passing through, with or without localized lobular septal grid thickening; b) Single or multiple real shadows, (2) Reexamination 3 to 5 days later showed that the original ground‐glass opacity or consolidation range increased, the number increased, or accompanied by pleural effusion on one or both sides | Radiologist | RT‐PCR once | 0.7 |
| Dimeglio 2021 | France | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Unclear | Outpatient | Chest CT | Following the recommendation of the French Society of Radiology | Unclear | RT‐PCR once | 0.4 |
| Dini 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | 70 years of age and older | Outpatient(LTC) | Ultrasound of lungs(POCUS) | Scoring system: non‐coalescent B‐lines, coalescent and with iperdensed non‐consolidated state. | Unclear | RT‐PCR once | 0.6 |
| Djangang 2020 | Belgium | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | CT‐scan was suggestive or not for COVID‐19 (i.e., ground‐glass opacities, consolidation or crazy‐paving patterns) (Ai 2020a; Zhang 2020) | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Dofferhoff 2020 | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Inpatient | Chest CT (low dose) | CO‐RADS classification; threshold not pre‐specified | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Dogan 2020 | Turkey | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | RSNA criteria: typical, indeterminate, atypical, negative | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Ducray 2020 | France | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast, IV contrast) | On the final report, patients were rated as “Surely COVID+” when presenting with peripheral, bilateral, or multifocal GGO of rounded morphology ± consolidation or crazy paving, reversed halo sign, or sub‐pleural bands of consolidations. Patients were rated as “Possible COVID+” when presenting with multifocal, diffuse, peripheral, or unilateral GGO ± consolidation lacking a specific distribution and non‐rounded or non‐peripheral or with only few very small GGO with a non‐rounded and non‐peripheral distribution or with atypical findings: large pleural effusion, major lymph node size increase, or bronchiolitis pattern. Patients were rated as “COVID−” when the chest CT was normal or demonstrating another pathology | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Erxleben 2021 | Germany | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (low dose) | Unclear: "All CT images were evaluated manually and data on presence/absence of COVID‐19 was assessed" | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.1 |
| Falaschi 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | RSNA classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.6 |
| Ferda 2020 | Czech Republic | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Mix of children and adults | Outpatient | Chest CT(IV contrast) | Groundglass opacities, mixed ground‐glass opacities, thickening of intra‐lobular septa, negative bronchogram, reverse halo sign, and dilatation of the vascular structures. Predominant peripheral, bilateral and caudal distributions were suspected to be COVID‐19 pneumonia. | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.1 |
| Fink 2021 | Germany | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (High resolution)/ Chest X‐rays | CT scans were classified according to two different reading scores: 1) presence of pneumonic features (0 – absent, 1 – present) and 2) presence of COVID‐19 typical features (0 – not typical, 1 – possible, 2 – highly suspicious). According to the current literature, COVID‐19 typical features were defined as ground glass opacities (GGO) with or without “crazy paving” and/or consolidations with peripheral emphasis. | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.3 |
| Fonsi 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | Ground glass opacities (GGOs); consolidation; a mixed GGO and consolidation pattern; single or multiple solid nodules surrounded by GGOs; a focal or multifocal distribution; GGO and consolidation location; multilobe involvement; a bilateral distribution; interlobular septal thickening; an air bronchogram; the presence of cavitation; bronchial wall thickening; bronchiectasis; mediastinal lymph node enlargement ; pleural effusion; and pericardial effusion. | Radiologist | RT‐PCR once | 0.7 |
| Fujioka 2020 | Japan | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Unclear | Chest CT | CO‐RADS classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR once | 0.5 |
| Gaia 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | Simpson 2020 | Radiologist | RT‐PCR once | 0.5 |
| Giannitto 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | Unclear | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.3 |
| Gietema 2020 | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | Reporting scheme | Resident | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Gil‐Rodrigo 2020 | Spain | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Scoring system by Soldati 2020 | Unclear | RT‐PCR once | 0.4 |
| Grando 2020 | Brazil | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | CT features were classified as "typical," "indeterminate," "atypical," and "negative" for COVID‐19 pneumonia", according to RSNA expert consensus | Radiologist. | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Gross 2021 | Germany | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (low dose) | CO‐RADS classification | Radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.2 |
| Guillo 2020 | France | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast, IV contrast) | A structured report about the probability of COVID‐19 pneumonia | Resident | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.6 |
| Haak 2021 | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Score of >/= 2 based on (Peng 2020b; 4 Lung ultrasound in COVID‐19 2020; Focus met POCUS op COVID‐19 2020) | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.3 |
| Hanif 2021 | Pakistan | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (high resolution) | Positive findings for COVID‐19 defined as bilateral, multifocal, multilobar ground glass opacities with or without sub‐segmental consolidations or crazy paving pattern in a peripheral distribution (Han 2020; Lee 2020; Simpson 2020) Negative findings defined as presence of isolated lobar consolidation, pleural effusion, nodularity and absence of the positive findings of COVID‐19. Indeterminate cases defined as having multilobar ground glass opacities or consolidation with central or diffuse distribution lacking subpleural pattern or unilateral ground glass opacities; these were further categorized as positive or negative for COVID‐19 on the basis of clinical history, mutual consensus and RT‐PCR results, if available. | Radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.8 |
| He 2020 | China | Suspected patients (unclear) | Children and adults | Inpatient | Chest CT (high resolution) | Ground‐glass opacity with or without consolidation, crazy paving patten, peripheral and diffuse distribution, and bilateral/multilobular involvement | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Hermans 2020 | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | CO‐RADS classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR once | 0.4 |
| Hernigou 2020 | Belgium | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Inpatient | Chest CT (low dose) | Unclear | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.3 |
| Herpe 2020 | France | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Unclear | Chest CT | Bilateral ground glass opacities with peripheral distribution, bilateral crazy paving appearance with intralobular thickening, reverse halo sign, or other signs compatible with organizing pneumonia. | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.1 |
| Hwang 2020 | Korea | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Unclear | Chest radiographs / chest X‐rays | Abnormality suggesting pneumonia | Radiologists and Resident | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.05 |
| Ippolito 2020 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Inpatient | Chest radiographs / chest X‐rays | Reticulations, alveolar opacities or both | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.4 |
| Jalil 2020 | USA | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Krdzalic 2020 | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Unclear | Chest CT | CO‐RADS classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Kuzan 2020 | Turkey | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | BSTI classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.6 |
| Lieveld 2021a | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | CO‐RADS classification | Radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.3 |
| Lieveld 2021b | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | CO‐RADS classification | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Luo 2020a | China | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Inpatient | Chest CT | Scoring system was developed; threshold not pre‐specified | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Majeed 2020 | UK | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | BSTI classification and RSNA classification | unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.3 |
| Mei 2020 | USA | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Children and adults | Unclear | Chest CT | Unclear | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Miranda Magalhaes Santos 2020 | Brazil | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Outpatient | Chest CT | RSNA classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.5 |
| Moroni 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest radiographs / Chest X‐rays | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.3 |
| Murphy 2020 | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and adults | Outpatient | Chest radiographs / Chest X‐rays | Readers assigned each image a category, sensitivities matched to AI reading | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.5 |
| Narinx 2020 | Belgium | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (low dose, with or without contrast)/ultrasound of lungs (POCUS) | For Ultrasound: POCUS lung positive if one or more BLUE points showed a positive B‐line parameter. For chest CT: Scored as suggestive for or inconsistent with COVID‐19 infection based on the presence of clinical manifestations as presented by Ng 2020 and Shi 2020 |
Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.2 |
| Nivet 2021 | France | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | Each reading was categorized using a five‐point score, adapted from the recommendations of the Société Française de Radiologie (SFR). (1) normal; (2) non‐infectious findings; (3) infectious findings but not consistent with COVID‐19 infection; (4) consistent with COVID‐19 infection; (5) typical appearance of COVID‐19 infection. | Residents and radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Ohana 2021 | France | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | CT with typical COVID‐19 appearance, i.e. bilateral and predominantly peripheral and sub‐pleural ground glass opacities and/or alveolar consolidations, were classified as positive AB65 | Radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| O'Neill 2020 | Canada | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | RSNA classification and CO‐RADS classification | Radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.7 |
| Pagano 2021 | USA | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest radiographs/chest X‐rays | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.8 |
| Palmisano 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | RSNA classification | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.6 |
| Pare 2020 | USA | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest radiographs /chest X‐rays/Ultrasound of lungs (POCUS) | Classified CXRs as positive if the report included infection in the differential. | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.8 |
| Patel 2020 | USA | suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT (high resolution) | Category 1 – consistent with multifocal pneumonia; Category 2 – indeterminate for multifocal pneumonia; Category 3 – not consistent with multifocal pneumonia | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.5 |
| Patrucco 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest CT | RSNA classification and CO‐RADS classification | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.4 |
| Peng 2020a | China | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Children only | Inpatient | Chest CT | Ground glass opacity, consolidations with surrounding halo sign, nodules, residual fibre strips, lymphadenopathy | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided; other (positive contacts) | 0.5 |
| Pivetta 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Ravikanth 2021 | India | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (CT thorax with IV contrast ) | Dichotomous ‐ suspicious or not suspicious for COVID‐19. | Resident and radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.8 |
| Reginelli 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | Radiologists observed according to localization and distribution of GGO and consolidations, crazy paving pattern, and presence of nodules | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.8 |
| Rona 2021 | Turkey | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Children and young adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | Computed tomography images were divided into 3 groups: normal, consistent with COVID‐19, and inconsistent with COVID‐19. Multifocal consolidation, ground‐glass opacity, and reversed halo sign on CT were considered to be consistent with COVID‐19. | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Roy Choudhury 2020 | India | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Unclear | Inpatient | Chest radiographs/chest X‐rays | Simpson 2020 | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.3 |
| Saeed 2020 | United Arab Emirates | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (high resolution) | RSNA classification | radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.7 |
| Salehi‐Pourmehr 2020 | Iran | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.3 |
| Schalekamp 2020 | The Netherlands | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (non‐contrast) | CO‐RADS classification | radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Schmid 2020 | Germany | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Inpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Unclear | unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.3 |
| Schulze‐hagen 2020 | Germany | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Unclear | Chest CT (non‐contrast, Low dose) | COV‐Rads classification | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Shah 2021 | India | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Not Reported | Outpatient | Chest CT (high resolution) | Evaluated for ground‐glass opacities (GGOs), reticular thickening, focal consolidations, fibrosis, pleural effusion, nodules, and hilar lymphadenopathy | Radiologists | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.9 |
| Skalidis 2020 | Switzerland | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (low dose) | Each specialist classified the abnormal CT according to GGO distribution of the affected lung parenchyma graded on a 3‐point scale: 1 = light <30%, 2 = moderate 30–60%, 3 = severe >60%. Finally, the results of the classification were merged by consensus and the specialists classified the CT on positive or negative for COVID‐19. | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Song 2020a | China | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Inpatient | Chest CT | Viral pneumonia according to: multiple bilateral, ill‐defined ground glass opacities (GGOs) or mixed consolidation with diffuse peripheral distribution or bilateral pulmonary consolidation | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.5 |
| Sorlini 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest X‐rays/ Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Interstitial lung syndrome: two or more positive regions bilaterally with irregular pleural line. • Interstitial lung pattern: two or more positive regions with irregular pleural line, with focal/unilateral distribution. • White lung (coalescent B lines) in two or more zones. • Subpleural consolidations. | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.7 |
| Speidel 2021 | Switzerland | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Inpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.2 |
| Steuwe 2020 | Germany | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Unclear | Chest CT (Non‐contrast, Low dose) | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.2 |
| Stevens 2020 | UK | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest radiographs/ Chest X‐rays | BSTI classification | Radiographer and Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.8 |
| Sukhija 2021 | India | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Unclear | Chest X‐rays | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.6 |
| Sverzellati Nicola 2021 | Italy | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Inpatient | Chest CT (High resolution)/ Chest X‐rays | 4 CT categories: normal, alternative diagnosis, indeterminate, or typical for COVID‐19 pneumonia. Visual analysis: extent of combined GGO and consolidation was visually scored at the nearest 5% on the whole lungs. Distribution of findings, bilateral or unilateral involvement also considered in scoring. | Radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.7 |
| Teichgraber 2021 | Germany | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT (Low dose) | RSNA classification | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.1 |
| Tsakok 2020 | UK | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest X‐rays | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.4 |
| Wang 2020a | China | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Children and adults | Unclear | Chest CT | Standardized imaging reporting system | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.1 |
| Wehbe 2021 | USA | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Mixed | Chest X‐rays | Point scoring system based on overall impression of "positive for COVID‐19" or "negative for COVID‐19" | radiologist | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.4 |
| Xiaocheng 2020 | China | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults only | Outpatient | Chest CT | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.1 |
| Xiong 2020 | China | Suspected patients (unclear) | Children and adults | Inpatient | Chest CT | Subpleural ground glass opacity without pleural effusion, bronchial changes or lymphadenopathy | Radiologist | RT‐PCR, no other details provided | 0.4 |
| Yassa 2020 | Turkey | Suspected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) | Adults only | Inpatient | Ultrasound of the lungs (POCUS) | 4 categories: characteristic changes, ordinary inflammation, other changes, normal | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in some with initial negative results | 0.08 |
| Yates 2021 | Ireland | Suspected patients (all symptomatic) | Adults, perhaps also children | Outpatient | Chest X‐rays | Unclear | Unclear | RT‐PCR twice, in all with initial negative results | 0.2 |
CO‐RADS: COVID‐19 Reporting and Data System; CT: computed tomography; RSNA: Radiological Society of North America; RT‐PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.