Stevens 2020.
| Study characteristics | |||
| Patient Sampling | Study design: patients with suspected COVID‐19, all symptomatic | ||
| Patient characteristics and setting | Age group: adults only Setting: outpatient |
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| Index tests | Index test(s): chest X‐rays Defintion for positive diagnosis on X‐ray: BSTI template Level of training of readers: radiologist Prevalence: 0.8 |
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| Target condition and reference standard(s) | Reference standard: RT‐PCR once; twice in some | ||
| Flow and timing | |||
| Comparative | |||
| Notes | |||
| Methodological quality | |||
| Item | Authors' judgement | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns |
| DOMAIN 1: Patient Selection | |||
| Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? | No | ||
| Was a case‐control design avoided? | Yes | ||
| Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? | No | ||
| Could the selection of patients have introduced bias? | High risk | ||
| Are there concerns that the included patients and setting do not match the review question? | Low concern | ||
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test (Chest CT) | |||
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test (Chest X‐ray) | |||
| Were the index test results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the reference standard? | Unclear | ||
| If a threshold was used, was it pre‐specified? | No | ||
| Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? | Unclear risk | ||
| Are there concerns that the index test, its conduct, or interpretation differ from the review question? | Unclear | ||
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test (Ultrasound of the lungs) | |||
| DOMAIN 3: Reference Standard | |||
| Is the reference standards likely to correctly classify the target condition? | No | ||
| Were the reference standard results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the index tests? | Unclear | ||
| Could the reference standard, its conduct, or its interpretation have introduced bias? | High risk | ||
| Are there concerns that the target condition as defined by the reference standard does not match the question? | Low concern | ||
| DOMAIN 4: Flow and Timing | |||
| Was there an appropriate interval between index test and reference standard? | Unclear | ||
| Did all patients receive the same reference standard? | Yes | ||
| Were all patients included in the analysis? | Yes | ||
| Could the patient flow have introduced bias? | Unclear risk | ||