Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and behavioral variables by diagnosis
| Variable | BD (n=38) | HC (n=29) |
p value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | Age (SD) | 35.7 (11.5) | 38.3 (11.2) | .35 |
| Number of females (%) | 28 (74%) | 19 (66%) | .47 | |
| Socioeconomic status (SD) | 40.8 (18.3) | 39.6 (16.8) | .80 | |
| Clinical variables | Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HDRS (SD) | 12.3 (10.5) | 0.2 (0.7) | <.001 |
| Young Mania Rating Scale, YMRS (SD) | 5.6 (6.4) | 0.3 (0.7) | <.001 | |
| Lifetime suicide attempt (%) | 13 (34%) | NA | NA | |
| Most severe suicide ideation (SD) | 8.0 (9.2) | NA | NA | |
| Mood state (euthymic (%) / depressed (%) / elevated (%)) | 13 (34%) / 10 (26%) / 15 (39%) | NA | NA | |
| Rapid cycling (%) | 12 (32%) | NA | NA | |
| Lifetime psychosis (%) | 15 (40%) | NA | NA | |
| Unmedicated at time of scan (%) | 15 (40%) | NA | NA | |
| Hospitalization (%) | 29 (77%) | NA | NA | |
| Anxiety disorder lifetime (%) | 19 (50%) | NA | NA | |
| Eating disorder lifetime (%) | 3 (8%) | NA | NA | |
| History of alcohol/substance dependence/abuse (%) | 16 (42%) | NA | NA | |
| History of alcohol dependence/abuse (%) | 5 (13%) | NA | NA | |
| History of cocaine dependence/abuse (%) | 6 (16%) | NA | NA | |
| History of cannabis dependence/abuse (%) | 6 (16%) | NA | NA | |
| History of opioid dependence/abuse (%) | 2 (5%) | NA | NA | |
| Total Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (SD) | 58.9 (22.9) | 32.7 (10.1) | <.001 | |
| CTQ emotional abuse subscale (SD) | 14.2 (6.3) | 6.7 (2.6) | <.001 | |
| CTQ physical abuse subscale (SD) | 10.8 (5.9) | 6.5 (3.2) | .003 | |
| CTQ sexual abuse subscale (SD) | 9.6 (7.4) | 5.1 (0.6) | <.001 | |
| CTQ emotional neglect subscale (SD) | 14.9 (7.1) | 8.5 (4.6) | <.001 | |
| CTQ physical neglect subscale (SD) | 9.4 (4.4) | 5.9 (1.5) | <.001 | |
| Behavioral variables | Total Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression (BGA) (SD) | 17.3 (7.5) | 11.6 (3.0) | <.001 |
| BGA item 1 (SD) – discipline problem | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.2 (0.6) | .014 | |
| BGA item 2 (SD) – getting along with teachers | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.6) | .066 | |
| BGA item 3 (SD) – angry outbursts/temper tantrums | 1.9 (1.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | <.001 | |
| BGA item 4 (SD) – getting along with work supervisor | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.0 (0.0) | <.001 | |
| BGA item 5 (SD) – severe arguments | 2.5 (1.3) | 1.3 (0.8) | <.001 | |
| BGA item 6 (SD) – physical fights | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.3 (0.8) | .11 | |
| BGA item 7 (SD) – destroyed property | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | .001 | |
| BGA item 8 (SD) – action against the law but not caught | 1.9 (1.3) | 1.4 (0.7) | .12 | |
| BGA item 9 (SD) – any trouble with police | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.5) | .10 | |
| BGA item 10 (SD) – tried to hurt other | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.0) | .026 | |
| BGA item 11 (SD) – non suicidal self-harm | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.0) | .001 | |
| Total Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) (SD) | 75.4 (13.0) | 54.6 (7.0) | <.001 | |
| BIS non-planning impulsiveness subscale (SD) | 29.2 (5.2) | 21.1 (3.5) | <.001 | |
| BIS motor impulsiveness subscale (SD) | 26.1 (6.2) | 20.6 (3.0) | <.001 | |
| BIS cognitive-attentional impulsiveness subscale (SD) | 20.1 (4.5) | 13.0 (2.8) | <.001 |
p-values correspond to Mann-Whitney U tests for all continuous variables (except for age, for which an independent-sample t-test was used) and to chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Socioeconomic status not available for 2 BD and 1 HC; CTQ not available for 4 BD and 1 HC; BG item 11 not available for 1 BD.