Table 2.
The effects of cytokines on bone metabolism.
| Cytokines | Bone remodeling | References |
|---|---|---|
| Chemokines | ||
| CX3CL1 | Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis | (155) |
| CXCL9 | Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation | (156) |
| CXCL 10 | Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone formation | (157–160) |
| CXCL 12 | Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis | (157–160) |
| CCL 5 | Osteoblast migration and bone formation;Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. | (161) |
| CCL 2 | Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis | (162, 163) |
| CCL 3 | Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis | (164) |
| CCL 11 | Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone formation | (165) |
| CCL 20 | Enhanced osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis partly via IL-6 production | (166) |
| Interleukin (IL) | ||
| IL-1 | Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis | (167–169) |
| IL-6 | Dual functions on Induces RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis | (170) |
| IL-10 | Inhibit osteoclastogenesis | (171) |
| IL-17 | Stimulating the production of M-CSF and RANKL in osteoblasts and MSCs, enhancing the formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts from monocyte/macrophage precursors. | (172) |
| Other cytokines | ||
| GM-CSF | Inhibited monocyte-derived osteoclast differentiation | (173) |
| G-CSF | G-CSF promoted monocyte maturation and supported differentiation of late-stage OCP cells | (167) |
| TNF-α | Enhances osteoclast differentiation, inhibits osteoclast apoptosis. | (168) |