Table 3.
Sociodemographic and gambling participation-related factors associated with gambling for socializing and escape
| Socializing | Escape | |||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Men | 1.13 | 0.94–1.37 | 1.13 | 0.81–1.58 |
| Age | ||||
| 18–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25–34 | 0.74 | 0.54–1.02 | 1.97* | 1.15–3.37 |
| 35–44 | 0.49*** | 0.35–0.71 | 1.12 | 0.61–2.06 |
| 45–54 | 0.38*** | 0.26–0.56 | 0.91 | 0.49–1.70 |
| 55–64 | 0.46*** | 0.31–0.69 | 0.48* | 0.23–1.00 |
| ≥65 | 0.44*** | 0.24–0.80 | 0.86 | 0.29–2.54 |
| Income (per month)a | ||||
| ≤ 1,300 EUR (Q 1 ) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1,301–1,900 EUR (Q2) | 0.76 | 0.56–1.03 | 1.02 | 0.64–1.64 |
| 1,901–2,500 EUR (Q3) | 1.00 | 0.74–1.37 | 0.88 | 0.53–1.48 |
| ≥2,501 EUR (Q4) | 1.06 | 0.76–1.47 | 0.71 | 0.39–1.28 |
| No answerb | 0.57* | 0.37–0.88 | 1.24 | 0.66–2.36 |
| Employment statusa | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Student | 1.04 | 0.72–1.51 | 1.22 | 0.65–2.30 |
| Unempoyed or laid off | 0.93 | 0.62–1.40 | 1.34 | 0.73–2.43 |
| Retired | 1.00 | 0.59–1.71 | 0.74 | 0.27–1.993 |
| Disabled | 0.58 | 0.30–1.12 | 1.22 | 0.58–2.57 |
| Homemaker | 0.50 | 0.25–1.01 | 2.69** | 1.31–5.53 |
| Otherc | 0.76 | 0.46–1.27 | 1.24 | 0.61–2.54 |
| Gambling frequencya | ||||
| Less than monthly b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1–3/month | 0.53*** | 0.42–0.68 | 1.52 | 0.94–2.45 |
| Once/week | 0.46*** | 0.35–0.60 | 0.96 | 0.56–1.65 |
| Several times/week or daily | 0.40*** | 0.27–0.58 | 1.70 | 0.95–3.05 |
| Number of game typesa | ||||
| 1 game type b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 game types | 1.37* | 1.03–1.81 | 1.73 | 0.90–3.32 |
| 3 game types | 1.39* | 1.02–1.89 | 1.61 | 0.82–3.18 |
| ≥4 game types | 2.31*** | 1.75–3.04 | 2.31** | 1.25–4.24 |
| Gambling modea | ||||
| Land-based b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Online or mixed mode | 0.66*** | 0.54–0.81 | 1.04 | 0.74–1.47 |
| Gambling severitya,c | ||||
| Recreational gambling b,d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| At-risk gambling | 1.25 | 0.92–1.69 | 2.87*** | 1.95–4.23 |
| Problem/pathological gambling | 0.92 | 0.50–1.71 | 10.80*** | 6.68–17.47 |
| Nagelkerge R 2 | 0.07 | 0.18 | ||
First-wave data including past-year gamblers (non-weighted n = 5,684); for the logistic regression models, the main motive and additional motives were combined to reflect gambling motives more broadly.
ain 2016; bIncludes the missing values; cIncludes those in military or civil service; dPPGM; the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measure, eIncludes those who gambled less than once a month. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.