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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 21.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell. 2021 Sep 3;81(20):4116–4136. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.036

Figure 2. Chemical and biochemical reactions for each technique discussed.

Figure 2.

(A) (Bio)chemical modifications used in the study of m6A: biochemical modification of m6A to hm6A by the enzyme FTO and subsequent chemical modification to d6A by DTT and biochemical modification of A to a6A by writer enzymes and subsequent chemical modification to Cyc-A by iodination.

(B) (Bio)chemical modifications used in the study of 5mC/m5C: chemical deamination of C to dU by bisulfite, chemical oxidation of 5hmC to 5fC by KRuO4 and biochemical modification of 5hmC to 5ghmc by the enzyme β-GT, biochemical deamination of 5mC to T by APOBEC, chemical modification of 5caC to dihydrouridine (DHU) by pyridine borane, and structure of 5-azacytidine.

(C) Chemical modifications used in the study of inosine: chemical modification of inosine to ce1I by acrylonitrile and chemical modification of guanosine with glyoxal and further modification with borate.

(D) Chemical modifications used in the study of ψ: chemical modification of ψ with CMCT and chemical cleavage of uridine with hydrazine.

(E) Chemical modification used in the study of ac4C: chemical reduction of ac4C by NaCNBH3.