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. 2022 May 16;12:8108. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12252-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IL-6 production induced by SARS-CoV-2-infected cell lysate in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and iPS-derived myeloid cells without productive infection. (A) Peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into MDM by adding GM-CSF for 8 days. TMPRSS2/VeroE6 cells and MDM were infected with 1000 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) or 100 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 (JPN-TY-Wk-521 strain) and the viral RNA in the supernatants was measured by RT-PCR on the indicated days. (B) GM-CSF- or M-CSF- MDM were infected with 100 TCID50 of KNG-19-020 strain of SARS-CoV-2. (C) iPS-derived myeloid cells K-ML2 (gray) and GM-CSF- (blue) and M-CSF- (red) MDM were inoculated with the SARS-CoV-2 KNG-19-020 strain together with SARS-CoV-2-infected or uninfected cell lysate. Two days after infection, the IL-6 levels in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The representative results of at least three independent experiments are shown.