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. 2022 May 16;60(1):106606. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106606

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Mechanistic quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. (a) Defining the scope of QSP modelling frameworks; adapted with permission from Ref. [59]. (b) Schematic of the prototypical Certara vaccine simulator, a QSP model incorporating antigen physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) upon either mRNA or adenovirus vaccine administration, immune dynamics and resulting antibody as well as cellular responses, and human population attributes including age, sex, race, ethnicity, HLA genetics, and physiological characteristics of special populations such as immunocompromised, pregnant, and lactating women. (More details in [43]). (c) Predictions of the optimal prime-boost interval based on IgG responses upon Moderna vaccine administration; adapted with permission from Ref. [43].