Table 1.
The anticancer effect of various bioactive compounds of ASF against gastric cancer in vitro.
| Compound | Cell line | Concentration used | Effect on protein/pathway (s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin | AGS and MKN28 | 10–160 μM | Inhibit Akt-mTOR pathway | [85] |
| AGS | Quercetin alone (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM) With SN-38 (5-25 nM) |
Downregulate VEGFA and VEGFR-2 ↓ COX-2, Twist1, and ITGβ6 |
[91] | |
| SNU719 and MKN74 | N/A | Inhibit EBNA-1 and LMP-2 proteins ↑ Cleaved CAS3, CAS9, and PARP Induce p53, Bax, and Puma |
[90] | |
| BGC-823 | 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μmol/L | Induce CAS3, Bcl-2, and Bax ↓ Bcl-2/Bax ratio ↑ CAS3 expression |
[82] | |
| BGC823 and AGS | 10 μM | ↓ Cell migration and invasion ↓ uPA and uPAR expression ↓ MMP2 and MMP9 activity inhibit Pak1-Limk1-cofilin, NF-κB, PKC-δ, and ERK1/2 signaling, and AMPKα activation |
[86] | |
| GCSC | 20–100 μM | Inhibit (PI3K)-Akt signaling | [84] | |
| HGC-27, NUGC-2, MKN-7, and MKN-28 | 70 μM (IC50-32–55 μM) | Cell cycle arrest (Gi to S phase) | [87] | |
|
| ||||
| Luteolin | AGS | 50 μM (24 h) 80 μM (48 and 72 h) IC50 29.6 ± 3.8 (48 h) and 23.5 ± 2.4 μM (72 h) |
↓ CDC2, cyclin B1, and CDC25C levels ↑ Apoptosis, CAS3, CAS6, CAS9, Bax, and p53 ↓ BCL-2 |
[96] |
| CRL-1739 | 30 μM | Induce IL-8 expression ↑ NF-κB mRNA expression |
[105] | |
| MKN45 and SGC7901 | 20 μM (24 h) 40 μM (48 h) 80 μM (72 h) |
↑ Cleaved CAS3 and PARP; induce apoptosis Downregulate MMP9 expression and c-Met/Akt/ERK signaling |
[97] | |
| MKN45 and BGC823 | 40 μM | ↑ Apoptosis Inhibit GC cell proliferation, cyclin D1, cyclin E, BCL-2, MMP2, MMP9, N-cadherin, and vimentin Induce p21, Bax, E-cadherin expression, Notch1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, ERK, STAT3, and p38 signaling pathway |
[98] | |
| BGC-823 | 0–60 μM (48 h) | ↑ Cleaved CAS9 and CAS3 ↓ p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR, and p-ERK1/2 |
[100] | |
| MFC | Luteolin alone (20 μM) and/or oxaliplatin (5 μM (24 h)) | Downregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activation Combined treatment induced cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase) Induce apoptosis |
[106] | |
| SGC-7901 | 40 μM (24 h) | Combined treatment inhibited proliferation Induce ERK1/2 phosphorylation, JNK, and P38 MAPK signal transduction Inhibit PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK intracellular signaling Induce apoptosis |
[99] | |
| MKN28, SGC7901, and GSE-1 | 60 μM | Cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase) ↓ Cyclin B1, CDK1 and CDC25C, COX-2, p-AKT, and p-ERK ↑ Cleaved CAS3, CAS9, PARP |
[101] | |
|
| ||||
| Kaempferol | AGS, SNU-216, NCI–N87, SNU-638, and MKN-74 | 25 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM (24 h) | Activate IRE1-JNK-CHOP signaling pathway Induce apoptosis LC3-I to LC3-II conversion Downregulate p62 |
[112] |
| Rh30 | 25 or 50 μM kaempferol and quercetin (24 h) | Induce apoptotic markers (cleaved PARP and CAS3) Inhibit cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion by blocking mTOR signaling |
[117] | |
|
| ||||
| D-Limonene | HLEC | 125–1800 μM | ↓ H2O2-induced ROS generation and BCL-2/Bax ratio Inhibit CAS3, CAS9 activation, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation |
[129] |
| MGC803 | 80 μM (24–48 h) | ↓ Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DCm) ↑ CAS3 expression ↓ BCL-2 expression |
[131] | |
|
| ||||
| Honokiol | AGS, MKN45, N87, and SCM-1 | 20 and 50 mM | Induce apoptosis Activate 15-LOX-1 expression Regulate PPAR-g and COX-2 pathway |
[120] |
| AGS, MKN45, and SCM-1 | 20 mM IC50–AGS (20 mM) and MKN45 and SCM-1 (40 mM) |
Induce SHP-1 activity and STAT-3 dephosphorylation Activate ER stress and calpain-II regulation |
[123] | |
| AGS and MKN45 | 20 μM | Inhibit TGFβ1- or MNNG-induced EMT | [124] | |
| AGS, N87, MKN45, and SCM-1 | 5–40 μM | ↓ Glucose-regulated protein (GRP94) | [121] | |