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. 2022 May 16;12:8084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12150-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of microdilution assay for bleached and unbleached chitosan from larvae (a), pupal exuviae (b) and dead adults (c) of H. illucens, commercial chitosan and acetic acid at the four concentrations of 1.25, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15 mg/ml against E. coli and M. flavus. Bars indicate the absorbance of the bacterial culture (black bars) and that of the culture treated with H. illucens chitosan samples (gray bars), commercial chitosan (red bars) and acetic acid (yellow bars). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of three independent experimental biological replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between absorbance values of the bacterial culture alone and that of bacteria treated with the different concentrations of each treatment. Asterisks indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among treatments for the same concentration. Data are analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test.