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. 2022 May 16;12:8040. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10874-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gender-stratified distribution of urinary NGAL (a) boys and (b) girls from CKDu endemic, emerging, and non-endemic regions. Graphs illustrate the median and interquartile range. Inter-group comparison is expressed in terms of Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test. The study groups: En: endemic, Em: emerging, and NE: non-endemic regions. NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin.