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Expression of biomarkers in urine. (a) KIM-1 and (b) NGAL across gender in the three study groups. Graphs represent mean with standard error of mean (SEM). Comparison between the boys and girls within the same group is expressed in terms of Mann–Whitney U test. The study groups: En: endemic, Em: emerging, and NE: non-endemic regions. B: boys and G: girls. KIM-1: kidney injury molecule and NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin.
