Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Criterion | Endemic (N = 327) | Emerging (N = 313) | Non-endemic (N = 164) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |
| No. of children | 150 | 177 | 140 | 173 | 86 | 78 |
|
Age (years) Median (IQR) |
14.4 (13.6–15.1) |
14.6 (13.9–15.5) |
14.6 (13.9–15.3) |
14.4 (13.6–15.2) |
13.6 (12.7–14.7) |
13.8 12.6–15.0) |
|
BMI (kg/m2) Median (IQR) |
17.8 (15.6–19.9) |
18.3 (17.0–20.4) |
16.8 (15.3–19.1) |
17.5 (15.4–20.2) |
16.9 (15.3–19.1) |
19.1 (16.5–22.9) |
| Renal disorders | ||||||
| Renal stones | 2 (0.6%) | 0 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 | 4 (2.4%) | 0 |
| Pain when urinating | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 | 4 (2.4%) | 1 (0.6%) |
| infections | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.6%) |
| Other diseases | ||||||
| Asthma | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (3.0%) | 2 (1.2%) |
| Dental fluorosis | 4 (1.2%) | 3 (0.9%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Family history CKD/CKDu |
46 (14.1%) |
37 (11.3%) |
0‡ |
7‡ (2.2%) |
2‡ (1.2%) |
6‡ (3.7%) |
| Parents’ occupation as farmers | 120 (36.7%) | 135 (41.3%) |
57‡ (18.2%) |
70‡ (22.4%) |
12‡ ⁑ (7.3%) |
11‡ ⁑ (6.7%) |
The occurrence of renal disorders, other diseases, family history of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) and parents’ involvement in farming is given as the number of children and as a percentage of the total size of respective group. Statistical significance between proportions is expressed for boys and girls in CKDu emerging and non-endemic areas compared to their counterparts from other groups according to Chi-squared test; ‡denotes comparison with endemic group (p < 0.05) and ⁑denotes comparison with emerging group (p < 0.05). BMI- body mass index, and IQR- inter quartile range. Age is given to the date of sample collection.