Table 2.

Levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and ACR in children from CKDu endemic, emerging, and non-endemic regions.

Biomarker	CKDu endemicity in residential area			Comparison
	Endemic (En) (N = 327)	Emerging (Em) (N = 313)	Non-endemic (NE) (N = 164)
KIM-1(ng/mgCr) Median (IQR)	0.193 (0.026–0.388)	0.082 (0.001–0.220)	0.040 (0.003–0.242)	En-Em: p < 0.0001 En-NE: p < 0.0001 Em-NE: p = 0.478
NGAL (ng/mgCr) Median (IQR)	2.969 (1.833–5.641)	3.374 (1.766–6.013)	3.345 (1.742–5.128)	En-Em: p = 0.719 En-NE: p > 0.999 Em-NE: p = 0.651
ACR (mg/g) Median (IQR)	2.435 (1.536–4.188)	2.459 (1.494–4.015)	2.480 (1.518–4.122)	En-Em: p > 0.999 En-NE: p = 0.082 Em-NE: p = 0.439

significant comparisons are shown in bold.

Biomarker levels for children in the three study groups are expressed as median with inter quartile range (IQR) and inter-group comparison is expressed in terms of Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test.

KIM-1 kidney injury molecule-1, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, ACR albumin creatinine ratio, CKDu burden in the study regions, EN endemic, Em emerging and NE non-endemic.