Table 3.
The incidence of elevated expression of of urinary KIM-1 in children from CKDu endemic, emerging, and non-endemic regions in Sri Lanka.
| Age group | RI35 ng/mgCr |
Endemic | Emerging | Non-endemic | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NT | KIM > RI N (%) |
NT | KIM > RI N (%) |
NT | KIM > RI N (%) |
||
| Boys | |||||||
| 10.0–12.9 | 0.097 | 4 | 2 (0.61)† | 0 | 0 (0.00) | 31 | 12 (7.32) |
| 13.0–13.9 | 0.094 | 55 | 28 (8.56) | 39 | 19 (6.07) | 22 | 8 (4.88) |
| 14.0–14.9 | 0.080 | 46 | 30 (9.17)† | 42 | 19 (6.07) | 18 | 4 (2.44) |
| 15.0–15.9 | 0.098 | 41 | 24 (7.34)† | 51 | 24 (7.67) † | 11 | 4 (2.44) |
| 16.0–17.9 | 0.426 | 4 | 1 (0.31) | 8 | 2 (0.64) | 4 | 1 (0.61) |
| 10.0–17.9 | 150 | 85 (25.99)† | 140 | 64 (20.45) | 85 | 29 (17.68) | |
| Girls | |||||||
| 10.0–12.9 | 0.115 | 1 | 1 (0.31)† | 0 | 0 (0.00) | 27 | 13 (7.93) |
| 13.0–13.9 | 0.078 | 45 | 31 (9.48) | 59 | 19 (6.07) | 17 | 9 (5.49) |
| 14.0–14.9 | 0.139 | 64 | 41 (12.54)⁑† | 57 | 20 (6.39) | 15 | 7 (4.27) |
| 15.0–15.9 | 0.174 | 53 | 27 (8.26)† | 52 | 23 (7.35)† | 15 | 5 (3.05) |
| 16.0–17.9 | 0.508 | 14 | 8 (2.45)⁑ | 5 | 0 (0.00) | 4 | 2 (1.22) |
| 10.0–17.9 | 177 | 108 (33.03)⁑† | 173 | 62 (19.81) | 78 | 36 (21.95) | |
| Overall | 327 | 193 (59.02)⁑† | 313 | 126 (40.26) | 164 | 65 (39.63) | |
| Extreme elevations (KIM-1 > 97.5th quantile of RI) | |||||||
| Boys | 150 | 5 (1.53) | 140 | 2 (0.64) | 85 | 2 (1.22) | |
| Girls | 177 | 10 (3.06)⁑ | 173 | 1 (0.32) | 78 | 1 (0.61) | |
| Overall | 327 | 15 (4.59)⁑ | 313 | 3 (0.96) | 164 | 3 (1.83) | |
The reference interval and the median KIM-1 of each age stratum are given for each age group.
The number of children in each age stratum with urinary KIM-1 levels above the RI (50th quantile at 90% CI) given in the previous study35, for that particular age group is given as N along with its percentage with respect to the total size of the respective study group, endemic, emerging, or non-endemic. Similarly, the number of children with urinary KIM-1 levels above the 97.5th quantile of RI are given as extreme elevations. Comparison of proportions of children above the RI is expressed according to Chi-squared test and for the age strata with (N < 20), Fisher's exact test was used for comparison. ⁑Denotes significance compared to the counterparts of same age in emerging group (p < 0.05) and †denotes significance compared to the counterparts of same age in non-endemic group.
RI reference intervals of biomarkers, NT total number of children in an age stratum within the study group, KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1.