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. 2022 May 16;13:2417. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30185-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

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Fig. 1 — a Mitochondria-targeting (Cytcox in red) and DNA-complexing (KH9 in blue) peptides with a Cys on the C-terminus are functionalized (inset) via Michael addition to the polymer layer (green) on the SWNT. The resulting SWNT-PM-CytKH9 is complexed with pDNA and introduced into A. thaliana via vacuum infiltration. Both peptides contain an extra Cys residue at the C-terminus for conjugation to the maleimide group on the polymer. b SWNT-PM-CytKH9 passes through the cell and mitochondrial membranes to deliver and release the pDNA cargo in the mitochondria. Depending on the pDNA used, the pDNA can be transiently expressed or undergo homologous recombination before expression.