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. 2022 May 3;13:895882. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.895882

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Copyright © 2022 Zhao, Li, Xu, Li, Li, Dewer and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biological reactions of X-ray-irradiated E. elutella male pupae. Effects of pupal irradiation on emergence and longevity (A). Effects of pupal irradiation on egg number and egg hatch rate (B). Error bars represent the SD from the mean of three independent replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test (p-value < 0.05)