Table 3.
Factors associated with severe symptoms at T2 (n = 6,346): results of the multivariate logistic regression models.
| Characteristics | PSS-10 > 26 at T2 | STAI-Y2 > 55 at T2 | BDI-13 > 15 at T2 | Suicidal thoughts at T2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respondents at T1 and T2 | aOR [95%CI]‡ | p§ | aOR [95%CI]‡ | p§ | aOR [95%CI]‡ | p§ | aOR [95%CI]‡ | p§ | |
| Baseline mental health status¶ | 9.7 [8.4–11.3] | <0.001 | 10.5 [9.0–12.2] | <0.001 | 21.2 [17.4–25.9] | <0.001 | 33.8 [27.5–41.8] | <0.001 | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gender, n (%) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.104 | 0.046 | |||||
| Male | 1,442 (22.7) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Female | 4,795 (75.6) | 1.38 [1.14–1.68] | 0.001 | 1.37 [1.13–1.66] | 0.001 | 1.30 [1.02–1.68] | 0.037 | 1.30 [1.01–1.67] | 0.042 |
| Non-binary | 109 (1.7) | 1.85 [1.12–3.03] | 0.015 | 1.68 [1.02–2.77] | 0.039 | 1.12 [0.60–2.05] | 0.713 | 1.82 [0.99–3.30] | 0.051 |
| Year of study, n (%) | 0.539 | 0.040 | 0.378 | 0.223 | |||||
| Bachelor | 4,852 (76.5) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Master | 1,296 (20.4) | 1.10 [0.92–1.32] | 0.291 | 1.24 [1.03–1.48] | 0.021 | 0.93 [0.72–1.19] | 0.569 | 0.90 [0.70–1.16] | 0.429 |
| Doctorate | 198 (3.1) | 1.12 [0.72–1.69] | 0.615 | 0.85 [0.54–1.30] | 0.464 | 0.65 [0.33–1.21] | 0.197 | 0.61 [0.32–1.10] | 0.113 |
| Foreign student (Yes vs No), n (%) | 218 (3.4) | 0.87 [0.58–1.27] | 0.476 | 1.31 [0.89–1.91] | 0.161 | 1.50 [0.92–2.40] | 0.103 | 0.44 [0.23–0.81] | 0.007 |
| Department of residence affected (Yes vs No), n (%) | 1,850 (29.1) | 0.96 [0.81–1.12] | 0.588 | 1.03 [0.88–1.21] | 0.675 | 1.00 [0.81–1.24] | 0.966 | 1.02 [0.82–1.26] | 0.869 |
| Area, n (%) | 0.074 | 0.420 | 0.290 | 0.519 | |||||
| Urban | 2,920 (46.0) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Semiurban | 1,658 (26.1) | 1.15 [0.96–1.38] | 0.586 | 1.03 [0.86–1.24] | 0.739 | 1.19 [0.94–1.51] | 0.141 | 1.09 [0.85–1.40] | 0.483 |
| Rural | 1,768 (27.9) | 0.92 [0.76–1.11] | 0.374 | 0.91 [0.75–1.09] | 0.309 | 1.15 [0.90–1.48] | 0.258 | 0.93 [0.72–1.21] | 0.600 |
| Precariousness indicators | |||||||||
| Loss of income (Yes vs No), n (%) | 1,071 (16.9) | 1.13 [0.94–1.36] | 0.195 | 1.03 [0.85–1.24] | 0.755 | 1.15 [0.91–1.46] | 0.246 | 1.31 [1.02–1.67] | 0.035 |
| Housing quality (rated out of 10), n (%) | 0.167 | 0.036 | 0.662 | 0.830 | |||||
| High (7-10) | 5,504 (86.7) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Medium (4-6) | 705 (11.1) | 1.23 [0.99–1.53] | 0.058 | 1.32 [1.07–1.64] | 0.010 | 1.13 [0.86–1.48] | 0.370 | 0.92 [0.68–1.23] | 0.587 |
| Low (0-3) | 137 (2.2) | 1.07 [0.68–1.66] | 0.765 | 0.98 [0.63–1.53] | 0.931 | 0.99 [0.58–1.68] | 0.979 | 0.90 [0.49–1.62] | 0.724 |
| Social data | |||||||||
| Having children (Yes vs No), n (%) | 69 (1.1) | 0.65 [0.29–1.35] | 0.260 | 0.77 [0.36–1.57] | 0.488 | 0.71 [0.23–1.83] | 0.495 | 0.72 [0.21–2.01] | 0.561 |
| Housing arrangement, n (%) | 0.023 | 0.152 | 0.448 | 0.489 | |||||
| Living with family | 5,262 (82.9) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Living alone | 773 (12.2) | 1.24 [0.98–1.56] | 0.071 | 1.23 [0.98–1.55] | 0.077 | 1.20 [0.89–1.61] | 0.221 | 1.10 [0.80–1.49] | 0.550 |
| Living with roommates | 224 (3.5) | 1.07 [1.22–1.59] | 0.734 | 1.22 [0.82–1.79] | 0.313 | 0.81 [0.45–1.41] | 0.478 | 1.34 [0.79–2.21] | 0.260. |
| Other | 87 (1.4) | 2.16 [0.71–3.72] | 0.006 | 1.55 [0.85–2.75] | 0.145 | 0.82 [0.38–1.69] | 0.594 | 1.52 [0.70–3.12] | 0.273 |
| Feeling of integration, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| High (7–10) | 4,037 (63.6) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Medium (4–6) | 1,872 (29.5) | 1.34 [1.14–1.57] | <0.001 | 1.78 [1.52–2.08] | <0.001 | 2.42 [1.97–2.98] | <0.001 | 1.86 [1.50–2.29] | <0.001 |
| Low (0–3) | 437 (6.9) | 2.43 [1.86–3.17] | <0.001 | 2.54 [1.94–3.32] | <0.001 | 4.40 [3.22–6.02] | <0.001 | 2.76 [1.98–3.85] | <0.001 |
| Concern for relatives' health (rated out of 10), n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.700 | |||||
| Low (0–3) | 1,040 (16.4) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Medium (4–6) | 2,050 (32.3) | 1.07 [0.84–1.37] | 0.562 | 0.93 [0.73–1.19] | 0.590 | 0.91 [0.37–1.26] | 0.594 | 1.11 [0.82–1.50] | 0.496 |
| High (7–10) | 3,256 (51.3) | 1.63 [1.30–2.05] | <0.001 | 1.30 [1.04–1.63] | 0.022 | 1.36 [1.02–1.82] | 0.034 | 1.13 [0.85–1.51] | 0.406 |
| Quality of social ties (rated out of 10), n (%) | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.005 | |||||
| High (7–10) | 2,847 (44.9) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Medium (4–6) | 2,475 (39.0) | 1.15 [0.98–1.36] | 0.079 | 1.35 [1.15–1.59] | <0.001 | 1.25 [1.00–1.56] | 0.047 | 1.44 [1.16–1.80] | <0.001 |
| Low (0–3) | 1,024 (16.1) | 1.40 [1.14–1.72] | 0.001 | 1.39 [1.12–1.71] | 0.002 | 1.59 [1.23–2.06] | <0.001 | 1.21 [0.91–1.59] | 0.183 |
| Media and information | |||||||||
| Time spent consulting information (in min/d), n (%) | 0.273 | 0.215 | 0.022 | 0.011 | |||||
| <15 | 2,355 (37.1) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| 15–29 | 1,110 (17.5) | 0.90 [0.73–1.12] | 0.370 | 0.88 [0.71–1.09] | 0.260 | 0.97 [0.73–1.29] | 0.863 | 0.70 [0.52–0.94] | 0.020 |
| 30–59 | 1,339 (21.1) | 1.02 [0.83-1.24] | 0.854 | 0.97 [0.79-1.18] | 0.748 | 0.78 [0.60-1.02] | 0.071 | 0.72 [0.54-0.95] | 0.020 |
| 60–119 | 1,066 (16.8) | 1.06 [0.86–1.31] | 0.595 | 1.05 [0.84–1.29] | 0.671 | 1.11 [0.84–1.45] | 0.469 | 1.01 [0.76–1.35] | 0.917 |
| ≥120 | 476 (7.5) | 1.27 [0.97-1.66] | 0.081 | 1.26 [0.96–1.65] | 0.096 | 1.44 [1.02–2.02] | 0.037 | 1.18 [0.82–1.69] | 0.359 |
| Quality of information received (rated out of 10), n (%) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.313 | 0.879 | |||||
| High (7–10) | 2,461 (38.8) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Medium (4–6) | 2,889 (45.5) | 1.26 [1.07–1.48] | 0.005 | 1.14 [0.97–1.34] | 0.119 | 1.08 [0.87–1.33] | 0.489 | 1.04 [0.84–1.29] | 0.727 |
| Low (0–3) | 996 (15.7) | 1.47 [1.19–1.82] | <0.001 | 1.47 [1.19–1.81] | <0.001 | 1.24 [0.94–1.62] | 0.126 | 1.07 [0.81–1.42] | 0.627 |
| Health-related data | |||||||||
| History of psychiatric follow-up (Yes vs. No), n (%) | 778 (12.2) | 1.75 [1.44–2.12] | <0.001 | 1.77 [1.46–2.16] | <0.001 | 1.92 [1.51–2.42] | <0.001 | 2.14 [1.68–2.72] | <0.001 |
| Symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (Yes vs. No), n (%) | 2023 (31.9) | 1.61 [1.34–1.94] | <0.001 | 1.62 [1.34–1.95] | <0.001 | 1.23 [0.96–1.56] | 0.095 | 1.35 [1.05–1.73] | 0.019 |
| Duration of physical activity (in min/d), n (%) | 0.017 | 0.939 | 0.829 | 0.285 | |||||
| ≥60 | 1,887 (29.7) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| 30–59 | 1,824 (28.7) | 1.12 [0.93–1.36] | 0.229 | 1.01 [0.83–1.19] | 0.922 | 0.95 [0.74–1.23] | 0.702 | 0.96 [0.73–1.24] | 0.580 |
| 15–29 | 1,205 (19.0) | 1.00 [0.81–1.25] | 0.963 | 1.05 [0.84–1.30] | 0.669 | 1.05 [0.80–1.40] | 0.706 | 1.25 [0.93–1.66] | 0.207 |
| <15 | 1,430 (22.5) | 1.34 [1.10–1.64] | 0.004 | 0.98 [0.80–1.22] | 0.816 | 0.93 [0.72–1.21] | 0.599 | 1.10 [0.84–1.45] | 0.594 |
‡
aOR [95%CI] = adjusted odd ratio [95% confidence interval].
§
For each variable, the p-value opposite the name of the variable refers to its global effect, and when applicable, p-value referring to each category vs reference are also presented.
¶
Severe symptoms already reported at baseline (i.e., PSS-10 > 26 at T1 for stress, STAI-Y2 > 55 at T1 for anxiety, BDI-13 > 15 at T1 for depression, and suicidal thoughts at T1 for suicidal thoughts).
Bold values correspond to significant associations (p-values < 0.05).