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. 2022 May 3;13:858904. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858904

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Copyright © 2022 Nguyen, Mantooth, Vrabel and Zaharoff

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Intranasal vaccination with CS/CpG/RBD results in mucosal and systemic immunity. Mice (n=4 per group) were vaccinated twice i.n with RBD alone, CS/RBD or CS/CpG/RBD. For comparison, an additional cohort (n=3) was vaccinated twice s.c. with CS/CpG/RBD. RBD-specific IgA responses in sera (A) and nasal rinses (B) 14 days after booster immunizations were detected via ELISA. Binding of serum IgG to RBD (C) or RBD-L452R-T478K (D) was measured via ELISA. Neutralizing antibody responses were determined by inhibition of RBD (E) or RBD-L452R-T478K (F) binding to ACE2 by diluted serum samples. *p < 0.05 via one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posttest. ns, not significant.