Table 2.
Nutrient composition and fibre fractions of some dried fruit pomaces reported in literature.
| Fruit pomaces | Nutrient composition |
Fibre fractions |
References | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ME, kcal/kg | DM, % | CP, % | EE, % | CF, % | Ash, % | TDF, % | IDF, % | SDF, % | NDF, % | ADF, % | ||
| Apple | – | 92.4 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 22.0 | 1.1 | 56.5 | – | – | 41.2 | 30.3 | Juskiewcz et al. (2015) |
| – | 92.4 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 22.0 | 1.1 | 56.5 | 51.7 | 9.1 | – | – | Colombino et al. (2020) | |
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 29.1 | 2.5 | – | – | Gouw et al. (2017) | |
| – | 98.4 | 6.4 | 13.7 | – | – | 79.3 | 68.1 | 11.2 | – | – | Swanson et al. (2001) | |
| – | 93.2 | – | – | – | – | 60.1 | – | – | – | – | Nawirska and kwasniewska (2005) | |
| – | 89.6 | 2.7 | 1.5 | – | 1.8 | – | – | – | – | – | Sato et al. (2010) | |
| – | 89.2 | 2.1 | 2.7 | – | 0.5 | 51.1 | 36.5 | 14.6 | – | – | Sudha et al. (2007) | |
| 1,379 | 89.6 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 18.0 | 3.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Ayhan et al. (2009) | |
| – | 90.0 | 37.0 | 29.0 | 9.0 | 5.3 | – | – | – | – | – | Aghili et al. (2019) | |
| – | 96.4 | 0.5∗ | – | – | 1.8∗ | 53.1∗ | 47.0∗ | 6.1∗ | – | – | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| – | 92.4 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 14.5 | – | – | – | – | 39.0 | 20.8 | Xiong et al. (2020) | |
| – | 88.9 | 6.9 | 3.3 | 25.7 | 1.5 | – | – | – | 42.1 | 34.3 | Pieszka et al. (2015) | |
| – | – | 7.9 | 3.0 | 20.0 | 4.3 | – | – | – | 47.7 | – | Ganai et al. (2006) | |
| 2,950 | 95.3 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 26.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Joshi and Attri (2006) | |
| Apple cultivars | ||||||||||||
| ‘Royal Gala’ | – | – | – | – | – | – | 78.2 | 63.9 | 14.3 | – | – | Figuerola et al. (2005) |
| Granny Smith | – | – | – | – | – | – | 60.7 | 56.5 | 4.1 | – | – | Figuerola et al. (2005) |
| ‘Liberty’ | – | – | – | – | – | – | 89.8 | 81.6 | 8.2 | – | – | Figuerola et al. (2005) |
| Strawberry | – | 93.2 | 16.4 | 10.4 | 31.4 | 8.0 | 63.0 | – | – | – | – | Juskiewcz et al. (2015) |
| – | 93.2 | 16.4 | 10.4 | 31.4 | 8.0 | 63.0 | 52.5 | 0.4 | – | – | Colombino et al. (2020) | |
| – | 91.0 | 16.2 | 11.6 | 35.8 | 3.7 | – | – | – | 45.4 | 40.7 | Pieszka et al. (2015) | |
| Seedless strawberry | – | 94.8 | 17.8 | 9.6 | 26.3 | 5.9 | 59.6 | – | – | – | – | Juskiewcz et al. (2015), Colombino et al. (2020) |
| – | 94.8 | 17.8 | 9.6 | 26.3 | 5.9 | 59.6 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Olive cake | 1,600 | – | 5.2 | 11.8 | 14.1 | 20.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Al-Harthi and Attia (2016) |
| 2,463 | – | 9.1 | 9.0 | 18.5 | 7.5 | – | – | – | 39.3 | 22.0 | El-Galil et al. (2017) | |
| – | 87.2 | 9.7 | 10.7 | 20.0 | 8.0 | – | – | – | – | – | El-Moneim and Sabic (2019) | |
| 3,751 | 90.0 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 24.0 | 7.5 | – | – | – | 34.0 | – | Ibrahim et al. (2019) | |
| – | 87.8 | 6.4 | 3.0 | 27.7 | 7.7 | – | – | – | 49.3 | 39.2 | Rebollada-Merino et al. (2019) | |
| – | 67.2 | 7.8 | 15.5 | – | – | – | – | – | 58.1 | – | Iannaccone et al. (2019) | |
| 4,400 | 94.1 | 9.8 | 18.3 | 21.5 | 7.1 | – | – | – | – | – | Nasopoulou et al. (2018) | |
| 2,675 | 94.5 | 8.6 | 17.5 | 27.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Papadomichelakis et al. (2019) | |
| 2,675 | 93.0 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 48.2 | 7.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Pappas et al. (2019) | |
| – | 87.0 | 10.2 | – | 24.0 | – | – | – | – | 26.0 | 34.0 | Zarei et al. (2011) | |
| – | 93.0 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 48.2 | 7.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Afsari et al. (2013) | |
| Processed olive | 2,980 | 93.5 | 10.7 | 13.0 | 25.6 | 8.5 | – | – | – | 71.6 | 55.0 | Sayehban et al. (2016, 2020) |
| Unprocessed olive | 1,250 | 93.6 | 7.1 | 8.5 | 35.0 | 6.2 | – | – | – | 74.4 | 58.4 | Sayehban et al. (2016, 2020) |
| Olive pulp | 1,600 | 95.0 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 48.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Zangeneh and Torki (2011) |
| Olive pulp | 2,230 | 91.5 | 10.4 | 13.5 | 23.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Elbaz et al. (2020) |
| Citrus | ||||||||||||
| Orange | – | 89.5 | 6.0 | 1.9 | – | 3.7 | 40.5 | – | – | – | – | O'Shea et al. (2015) |
| Sweet orange | – | 83.3 | 8.5 | 2.1 | – | 2.7 | – | 31.8 | 14.1 | – | – | Nagarajaiah et al. (2016) |
| Sweet lemon | – | 80.4 | 7.3 | 2.2 | – | 4.2 | – | 24.2 | 19.7 | – | – | Nagarajaiah et al. (2016) |
| Raspberry | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 38.1 | 0.34 | – | – | Gouw et al. (2017) |
| 5,746 | 93.9 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 46.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Sosnówka-Czajka and Skomorucha (2021) | |
| Cranberry | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 57.9 | 0.45 | – | – | Gouw et al. (2017) |
| – | 95.4 | 5.2∗ | – | – | 0.6∗ | 59.3∗ | 56.2∗ | 3.0∗ | – | – | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| – | – | 5.8 | 4.4 | – | 1.1 | 61.8 | – | – | 46.3 | 15.5 | Ross et al. (2017) | |
| – | – | 5.8 | 4.4 | – | 1.1 | 61.8 | – | – | 46.3 | 15.5 | Islam et al. (2020) | |
| Blueberry | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 49.0 | 0.97 | – | – | Gouw et al. (2017) |
| – | 94.8 | 13.0∗ | – | – | 1.1∗ | 59.1∗ | 56.7∗ | 2.4∗ | – | – | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| – | 8.4 | 5.4 | – | 1.2 | – | – | – | – | – | Ross et al. (2017) | ||
| Cherry | – | 91.4 | – | – | – | – | 71.4 | – | – | – | – | Nawirska and kwasniewska (2005) |
| Chokeberry | – | 90.8 | – | – | – | – | 95.8 | – | – | – | – | Nawirska and kwasniewska (2005) |
| – | 90.2 | 10.8 | 5.2 | 21.8 | 2.0 | – | – | – | 34.7 | 35.6 | Pieszka et al. (2015) | |
| 4,858 | 93.0 | 9.6 | 5.2 | 20.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Sosnówka-Czajka and Skomorucha (2021) | |
| Grape | ||||||||||||
| Red grape | – | 93.3 | 10.4 | 10.1 | – | – | – | – | – | 46.3 | 48.4 | Erinle et al. (2021) |
| Grape | – | – | 13.8 | 10.3 | 32.5 | 2.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Goñi et al. (2007) |
| Grape | – | – | 13.9 | 1.0 | 15.2 | 2.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Brenes et al. (2008) |
| Grape | – | – | 13.9 | 1.0 | 15.2 | 2.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Sáyago-Ayerdi et al. (2009) |
| Grape | – | 91.0 | 9.5 | 8.7 | – | 2.7 | – | – | – | – | – | Baumgärtel et al. (2007) |
| White grape | 4,466 | 30.5 | 9.3 | 4.8 | 19.9 | – | – | – | – | 30.6 | 25.7 | Baumgärtel et al. (2007) |
| Red grape | 4,968 | 27.3 | 15.5 | 7.0 | 31.2 | – | – | – | – | 50.7 | 36.5 | Swanson et al. (2001) |
| Grape | – | 86.8 | 15.9 | 7.7 | – | – | 54.7 | 50.2 | 4.5 | – | – | Nagarajaiah et al. (2016) |
| Blue grape | – | 85.5 | 3.6 | 1.8 | – | 1.7 | – | 28.2 | 12.8 | – | – | Nagarajaiah et al. (2016) |
| Red grape | – | – | 13.9 | 1.0 | 34.3 | 2.4 | – | – | – | – | – | Chamorro et al. (2015) |
| Fermented grape | – | – | 28.3 | 3.8 | 22.2 | 8.5 | – | – | – | – | – | Gungor et al. (2021) |
| Grape | – | – | 12.6 | 5.9 | 18.8 | 4.1 | – | – | – | – | – | Gungor et al. (2021) |
| Red grape | – | 96.6 | 11.4 | 71.0 | – | – | – | – | – | 40.9 | 32.3 | Jonathan et al. (2021) |
| Grape1 | – | 93.9 | 10.1 | 9.2 | 18.2 | 3.9 | – | – | – | 38.3 | 32.5 | Hanušovský et al. (2019) |
| Grape pomace | – | – | 13.9 | 9.1 | 14.3 | 23.7 | – | – | – | – | – | Alm El-Dein et al. (2017) |
| Grape pomace | – | 89.9 | 12.3 | 6.0 | 35.2 | 2.8 | – | – | – | – | – | Vlaicu et al. (2017) |
| Grape pomace | 4,398 | 91.5 | 8.9 | 7.0 | 30.2 | 3.3 | – | – | – | – | – | Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2018) |
| Grape pomace | 2,433 | – | 13.3 | 8.4 | 19.3 | 4.5 | – | – | – | – | – | Hosseini-Vashan et al. (2020) |
| Pineapple | – | 84.5 | 4.3 | 1.4 | – | 1.2 | – | 30.3 | 0.4 | – | – | Nagarajaiah et al. (2016) |
| – | 96.2 | 4.7 | 0.6 | – | 2.2 | 45.2 | 44.4 | 0.8 | – | – | Selani et al. (2014) | |
| – | 96.6 | 4.7 | 0.6 | – | 2.2 | 44.4 | 43.5 | 0.6 | – | – | Kumar et al. (2018) | |
| – | 95.6 | 6.0 | 1.4 | – | – | 79.8 | 62.2 | 17.6 | – | – | Saikia and Mahanta (2015) | |
| – | 90.7 | 4.0 | 1.3 | – | 4.5 | 75.8 | 75.2 | 0.6 | – | – | Martínez et al. (2012) | |
∗Values of nutrient composition expressed on wet weight basis.
ME = metabolizable energy; DM = dry matter; CP = crude protein; EE = ether extract; CF = crude fibre; TDF = total dietary fibre; IDF = insoluble dietary fibre; SDF = soluble dietary fibre; NDF = neutral detergent fibre; ADF = acid detergent fibre.
1
Average nutrient composition of grape pomace obtained in 2 different locations in Slovakia.