TABLE 4.

Different core nanoparticles used to develop biosensors based on different principles for SARS‐CoV‐2 virus detection

Core NPs	Biomarker	Principle
Gold NPs	Thiol‐c‐DNA receptor/nucleic acid	Plasmonic photothermal and localized surface plasmon resonance mediated biosensing
	Thiol‐mediated antisense oligonucleotides specific N‐gene of SARS‐CoV‐2	Plasmonic effect‐based colorimetric biosensing
	Oligo probe	Plasmonic effect‐based colorimetric biosensing
	Recombinant antigen of SARS‐CoV‐2 and rabbit‐IgG	lateral flow immunoassay‐based biosensing—colorimetric dependent
	nCOVID‐19 monoclonal antibody	Amperometric biosensing
Lanthanide doped polystyrene NPs	Anti‐human IgG antibody of mouse	Fluorescence biosensing—Lateral flow immunoassay
Graphene	Spike protein antibody	Amperometric biosensing—FET
Iron oxide NPs	Biotinylated probe	Optomagnetic biosensing
Polymer NPs coated with streptavidin	Rabbit anti‐fluorescein antibody, sheep anti‐digoxigenin antibody, and biotinylated BSA	mRT‐LAMP integrated with a nanoparticles‐based lateral flow biosensor assay