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. 2022 May 17;29(6):1107–1122. doi: 10.1038/s41418-022-01015-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Schematic demonstration of the viral proteins. Those marked with asterisks were reported to regulate IFN production. b IFN production signaling pathways targeted by SARS-CoV-2 proteins. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a delayed type-I IFN response, which is underlaid by the inhibited RIG-I/MDAS-MAVS signaling at the early stage and the cytoplasmic-micronuclei-activated cGAS-STING signaling at the late stage.