TABLE 2.
Comparison of epidemiological data and baseline laboratory tests between control and patients with NAFLD and MAFLD with COVID‐19
| Variable | Control | NAFLD | MAFLD | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 60 | n = 79 | n = 220 | ||
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 55.96 (17.48) | 54.56 (14) | 53.87 (14.13) | 0.6 a |
| Length of stay in days, mean (SD) | 11.18 (7.77) | 11 (9.16) | 11.14 (9.24) | 0.9 |
| SBP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 124.76 (42.1) | 123.23 (19.2) | 125.23 (22.88) | 0.8 |
| DBP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 71.1 (10.23) | 71.79 (13.06) | 74.3 (13.42) | 0.1 |
| Sex (male) n (%) | 42 (70) | 62 (78.48) | 153 (69.55) | 0.3 b |
| Death n (%) | 23 (38.33) | 41 (51.9) | 121 (55) | 0.07 |
| Intubated n (%) | 12 (20) | 32 (40.51) | 97 (44.09) | 0.002 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| Fever | 39 (65) | 59 (74.68) | 149 (67.73) | 0.4 b |
| Dyspnea | 41 (68.33) | 53 (67.09) | 139 (63.18) | 0.7 |
| Cough | 39 (65) | 49 (62.03) | 122 (55.45) | 0.3 |
| Myalgia | 23 (38.33) | 35 (44.3) | 93 (42.27) | 0.7 |
| Arthralgia | 19 (31.67) | 33 (41.77) | 94 (42.73) | 0.3 |
| Headache | 13 (21.67) | 14 (17.72) | 48 (21.82) | 0.7 |
| Pharyngalgia | 12 (20) | 16 (20.25) | 25 (11.36) | 0.06 |
| Chest pain | 7 (11.67) | 5 (6.33) | 24 (10.91) | 0.4 |
| Diarrhea | 6 (10) | 3 (3.8) | 14 (6.36) | 0.3 |
| Vomiting | 1 (1.67) | 1 (1.27) | 12 (5.45) | 0.2 |
| Anosmia | 1 (1.67) | 1 (1.27) | 4 (1.82) | 1 |
| Comorbilities, n (%) | ||||
| Overweight | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 117 (53.18) | <0.001 b |
| Hypertension | 9 (15) | 3 (3.8) | 43 (19.55) | 0.002 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 8 (13.33) | 0 (0) | 45 (20.45) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 0 (0) | 6 (7.59) | 30 (13.64) | 0.002 |
| COPD | 1 (1.67) | 1 (1.27) | 9 (4.09) | 0.6 |
| Laboratory tests, mean (SD) | ||||
| Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 14.14 (6.81) | 14.45 (2.31) | 14.39 (2.75) | 0.8 a |
| Platelets, 103/µL | 256.76 (139.59) | 242.45 (106.17) | 232.87 (109.59) | 0.3 |
| Leukocytes, 103/µL | 8.73 (4.86) | 9.62 (4.55) | 9.75 (4.87) | 0.3 |
| Lymphocytes, 103/µL | 1.05 (0.43) | 0.98 (0.62) | 1.18 (0.91) | 0.1 |
| Neutrophils, 103/µL | 7.16 (4.93) | 8.38 (4.78) | 8.65 (7.34) | 0.2 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 2.4 (4.14) | 1.15 (1.22) | 2.15 (8.09) | 0.4 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 139.4 (91.53) | 123.54 (65.01) | 168.1(110.91) | 0.001 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 57.21 (58.85) | 48.51 (45.06) | 57.03 (46.06) | 0.3 |
| ALT, UI/L | 27.56 (16.58) | 67.54 (49.99) | 58.38 (105.12) | 0.01 |
| AST, UI/L | 40.2 (19.38) | 69.98 (54.67) | 93.4 (469.62) | 0.5 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 3.79 (4.02) | 3.29 (0.67) | 3.19 (0.70) | 0.07 |
| TB, mg/dL | 0.74 (0.46) | 0.83 (0.56) | 1.11 (5.04) | 0.7 |
| HDL‐ C, mg/dL | 39.91 (29.91) | 26.94 (9.83) | 23.81 (8.68) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 410.08 (353.6) | 230.76 (121.66) | 251.27 (173.74) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 150.23 (137) | 149.49 (124.2) | 161.64 (126.84) | 0.7 |
| LDH, UI/L | 567 (403.03) | 682.59 (414.09) | 754.3 (819.67) | 0.1 |
| FIB‐4 score | 3.45 (7.03) | 3.17 (7.42) | 3.05 (7.75) | 0.9 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C‐reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FIB‐4, fibrosis‐4; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TB, total bilirubin.
a
One‐way analysis of variance.
b
Fisher´s exact test.