TABLE 1.

Flavonoids list used in modulation of individual clinical manifestations during post‐COVID‐19 syndrome

	Clinical manifestation	Mechanism of action	Flavonoid	References
Pulmonary post‐COVID‐19 syndrome	Pulmonary fibrosis	Inhibition of TGF‐β1 and MMP‐9 expression	Apigenin Epigallocatechin Quercetin Naringenin Grape seed extract	L. Chen and Zhao (2016) Sriram et al. (2009) Baowen et al. (2010) Y. Lin et al. (2018) Liu et al. (2017)
Cardiovascular post‐COVID‐19 syndrome	Myocarditis	Inhibition of pro‐inflammatory cytokine and inflammatory enzymes PLA2, COX‐2, antioxidant effect	Quercetin Kaempferol Myricetin Hesperidin Naringenin Catechin	Mirossay et al. (2001) Rice‐Evans et al. (1996) Knekt et al. (2002) Grzesik et al. (2018)
	Heart damage	Restrain the release of tissue damaging proteases, increase of PGI2 release, reduction in the coronary perfusion pressure induced by angiotensin II	Procyanidins	Facino et al. (1999)
	Increased blood pressure	ACE inhibitors	Quercetin Hesperidin Naringenin Epicatechin Epigallocatcheningallate Procyanidin Delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside Daidzein Genistein Luteolin Kaempferol Isosakuranetin Dihydrokaempferide Betuletol	Egert et al. (2009) Maruyama et al. (2009)
	Blood clots	Decrease of TXA2, inhibition of COX‐1, interaction with GPIIb/IIIa receptors	Quercetin Rutin Genistein Daidzein Equol Kaempferol Epicatechin Tangeritin Naringin Naringenin Myricetin Fisetin Morin	Gryglewski et al. (1987) Shafi et al. (2019) Corvazier and Maclouf (1985) H. Wang et al. (2000) Pearson et al. (2005) Holt et al. (2006) Tzeng et al. (1991)
Neurological post‐COVID‐19 syndrome	Anxiety Depression	Positive modulators of GABAA, modulators of ion channels GIRK and hERG	Hesperidin Linarin Naringin Diosmin Neohesperidin Gossypin Baicalein Chrysin Astilbin Kaempferitrin Luteolin Vitexin Nobiletin	Fernandez et al. (2009) Fernandez et al. (2006) de Carvalho et al. (2011) Borges et al. (2016) Aruna et al. (2014) Cassani et al. (2014) de la Pena et al. (2014) Can et al. (2013) H. Huang et al. (2016)
	Cognitive dysfunction—memory disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, sleep disorders	Attenuation of oxidative stress, decrease of TNF‐α levels	Epigallocatechin Naringin Curcumin	Sachdeva et al. (2011) Vij et al. (2009) Gupta et al. (2009)
Nephrological post‐COVID‐19 syndrome/kidney failure	Kidney tubular injury Proteinuria Hematuria Renal fibrosis	Inhibition of TGFβ/SMAD3 and JAK2/STAT3	Quercetin Pectolinaringenin Rutin	Y. Li et al. (2021) H. Yang et al. (2018) Diwan et al. (2017) Y. Han et al. (2015) Panchal et al. (2011)
Gastrointestinal post‐COVID‐19 syndrome	Liver injury elevated ALT, AST	Decrease of ALT, AST, ALP, MDA Increase of SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH Reduction of NF‐κB and TNF‐α	Morin Ternatin Silymarin Quercetin Glycone (rutin) Gossypin Hydroxyetilrutinoside	Ozdemir et al. (2020) Rao et al. (1994) Kvasnička et al. (2003) Sikder et al. (2014) Vijayaraghavan et al. (1991)
	Acute pancreatitis Pancreas injury Diabetes mellitus type I	Increase in SOD and CAT activity and GSH content, decrease of glucose level, serum insulin level, hepatic and muscle glycogen content, AST, LDH and CK‐MB	Quercetin Chrysin Apigenin Baicalein Hesperidin Naringin	Lukačínová et al. (2008) Panda and Kar (2007) Keshari et al. (2016) Ahmed et al. (2012)