. 2022 Feb 14;117(6):1692–1701. doi: 10.1111/add.15823

TABLE 3.

Changes in emergency department visits for drug overdoses by group and pandemic period (2020 vs 2019)

Group	Pre‐pandemic ^a		Peak ^b		Re‐opening ^c
Group	Rate ratio (95% CI)	Interaction P value ^e	Rate ratio (95% CI)	Interaction P value ^e	Rate ratio (95% CI)	Interaction P value ^e
IRHH	1.13 (1.04–1.24)*	Ref	0.82 (0.76–0.88)*	Ref	1.56 (1.44–1.69)*	Ref
Matched ^d	1.01 (0.84–1.22)	0.279	0.84 (0.71–0.97)*	0.790	1.25 (1.08–1.46)*	0.01*
Housed	1.01 (0.96–1.07)	0.03*	0.79 (0.76–0.83)*	0.476	1.07 (1.02–1.11)*	<0.001*

*Results are significant at the P < 0.05 level. IRHH = individuals with a recent history of homelessness.

^{^a}

Pre‐pandemic period: January 5, 2020 to March 16, 2020 versus equivalent 2019 weeks.

^{^b}

Peak pandemic period: March 17, 2020 to June 16, 2020 versus equivalent 2019 weeks.

^{^c}

Re‐opening period: June 17, 2020 to September 26, 2020 versus equivalent 2019 weeks.

^{^d}

Housed Ontarians residing in lowest income quintile neighborhoods with a recent hospital‐based health care encounter matched to IRHH (5:1) on age, sex, level of rurality, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score.

^{^e}

Interaction between group and year (2020 vs 2019).