TABLE 2.
Adjusted associations between alcohol consumption and COVID‐19 outcome, findings after multiple imputation
| Primary exposure | Primary outcome a , b | Secondary outcomes a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SARS‐CoV‐2 seroconversion at end‐line | Self‐reported new SARS‐CoV‐2 infections at end‐line | Symptomatic COVID‐19 self‐report at baseline | |
| Adjusted RR | Adjusted RR | Adjusted PR | |
| High‐risk alcohol consumption assessed with AUDIT | n = 1027 | n = 518 | n = 128 |
| Yes (AUDIT ≥ 8) | 2.44 (1.35, 4.25) | 1.84 (1.04, 3.28) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.47) |
| No (AUDIT < 8) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Secondary exposures | |||
| High‐risk alcohol consumption assessed with AUDIT‐C | n = 1027 | n = 518 | n = 128 |
| Yes (AUDIT‐C ≥ 7 for males and AUDIT‐C ≥ 5 for females) | 2.54 (1.38, 4.53) | 2.28 (1.26, 4.14) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.23) |
| No (AUDIT‐C < 7 for males and AUDIT‐C < 5 for females) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption | |||
| Any drinking | n = 1027 | n = 518 | |
| Yes | 1.47 (0.60, 3.44) | 1.95 (0.78, 4.87) | NA |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | NA |
| Heavy drinking | n = 1027 | n = 518 | |
| Yes | 2.32 (1.26, 4.15) | 2.53 (1.36, 4.69) | NA |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | NA |
a
All models were adjusted for sex at birth, race, age and intervention group (from the parent RCT study).
b
For the seroconversion outcome, we first estimated the corrected odds ratios (OR) for misclassified outcomes [49, 50] and then converted these ORs to risk ratios (RRs) using the Zhang & Yu equation [51].
NA = not applicable because exposure occurred after outcome; AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; RCT = randomized controlled trial; PR = prevalence ratio.
Bold type indicates significant value (P < 0.05).