TABLE 3.
Predictors of outcome at discharge (N = 971)
|
A Worse outcome vs. stable/improved outcome a |
B Dead vs. alive at discharge |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable model | Multivariable model | Univariable model | Multivariable model | |||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p value | Adj. OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | Adj. OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1 (ref.) | 0.1432 | 1 (ref.) | 0.9611 | ||||||||
| Female | 0.86 | 0.64–1.14 | 1.05 | 0.73–1.54 | ||||||||
| Intersex/unknown | 0.24 | 0.05–1.20 | ne | ne | ||||||||
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.43 | 0.28–0.65 | 0.0001 | 0.39 | 0.18–0.83 | 0.0039 | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref.) | – | 1 (ref.) | – | ||||||||
| Unknown | 1.29 | 0.81–2.06 | 1.67 | 0.99–2.81 | ||||||||
| Source of COVID‐19 contact | ||||||||||||
| Occupation | 0.53 | 0.35–0.80 | 0.0007 | 0.50 | 0.27–0.94 | 0.0471 | ||||||
| Family member | 0.33 | 0.16–0.67 | 0.11 | 0.02–0.81 | ||||||||
| Social | 0.59 | 0.35–0.99 | 1.18 | 0.63–2.21 | ||||||||
| Travel | 0.97 | 0.34–2.76 | ne | ne | ||||||||
| Other/unknown | 1 (ref.) | – | 1 (ref.) | – | ||||||||
| Age at admission (1‐year increase) | 1.04 | 1.03–1.05 | <0.0001 | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | <0.0001 | 1.06 | 1.05–1.08 | <0.0001 | 1.05 | 1.03–1.07 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (1‐unit increase) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.2869 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.5206 | ||||||
| Non‐neurological comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 2.30 | 1.72–3.09 | <0.0001 | 3.82 | 2.41–6.07 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Diabetes type 1/type 2 | 1.25 | 0.90–1.74 | 0.1878 | 1.39 | 0.92–2.10 | 0.1171 | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.65 | 1.21–2.25 | 0.0014 | 2.53 | 1.73–3.70 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.68 | 1.05–2.71 | 0.0324 | 3.59 | 2.21–5.83 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Chronic liver disease | 0.53 | 0.27–1.07 | 0.0770 | 1.17 | 0.50–2.73 | 0.7095 | ||||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.06 | 0.67–1.68 | 0.8154 | 1.11 | 0.61–2.02 | 0.7208 | ||||||
| Anaemia | 0.85 | 0.46–1.59 | 0.6174 | 2.01 | 1.03–3.92 | 0.0409 | ||||||
| Cancer | 1.27 | 0.78–2.07 | 0.3345 | 2.54 | 1.51–4.29 | 0.0005 | 2.57 | 1.23–5.34 | 0.0117 | |||
| Immunosuppressed state | 0.82 | 0.43–1.55 | 0.5341 | 1.22 | 0.55–2.71 | 0.6189 | ||||||
| Neurological comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Dementia | 1.47 | 0.90–2.41 | 0.1232 | 2.81 | 1.68–4.68 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Parkinson's disease | 1.58 | 0.63–3.97 | 0.3267 | 2.58 | 1.02–6.52 | 0.0451 | ||||||
| Stroke: ICH, ischaemic stroke, TIA | 1.96 | 1.33–2.89 | 0.0007 | 2.64 | 1.73–4.02 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Multiple sclerosis | 0.18 | 0.05–0.62 | 0.0068 | 0.27 | 0.04–2.05 | 0.2068 | ||||||
| Motor neuron disease | ne | ne | 0.9796 | ne | ne | 0.9837 | ||||||
| Neuromuscular disorder | 0.97 | 0.26–3.67 | 0.9734 | 0.55 | 0.07–4.39 | 0.5737 | ||||||
| Neuropathy | 0.90 | 0.42–1.92 | 0.7822 | 0.96 | 0.36–2.54 | 0.9330 | ||||||
| COVID systemic complications | ||||||||||||
| Dyspnoea | 1.79 | 1.34–2.39 | <0.0001 | 3.76 | 2.40–5.90 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Pneumonia | 2.34 | 1.74–3.16 | <0.0001 | 4.27 | 2.59–7.04 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Cardiovascular | 1.64 | 1.08–2.48 | 0.0201 | 2.97 | 1.90–4.63 | <0.0001 | 2.08 | 1.07–4.06 | 0.0311 | |||
| Renal insufficiency/dialysis | 2.25 | 1.27–4.00 | 0.0058 | 2.94 | 1.69–5.11 | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Coagulation disorder/disseminated intravascular coagulation | 1.73 | 0.88–3.40 | 0.1099 | 1.39 | 0.65–2.98 | 0.3986 | ||||||
| Refractory shock | 30.63 | 4.18–224.56 | 0.0008 | ne | ne | <0.0001 | 44.72 | 5.68–352.5 | 0.0003 | |||
| Extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) | ne | ne | 0.9818 | ne | ne | 0.9877 | ||||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 8.08 | 4.35–14.99 | <0.0001 | 5.13 | 3.31–7.94 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Neurological findings | ||||||||||||
| Headache | 0.48 | 0.36–0.65 | <0.0001 | 0.29 | 0.18–0.46 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Hyposmia/hypogeusia | 0.47 | 0.34–0.66 | <0.0001 | 0.15 | 0.07–0.32 | <0.0001 | 0.12 | 0.04–0.40 | 0.0006 | |||
| Dysautonomia | 0.69 | 0.46–1.04 | 0.0772 | 0.67 | 0.36–1.23 | 0.1919 | ||||||
| Vertigo | 0.66 | 0.46–0.94 | 0.0205 | 0.44 | 0.25–0.79 | 0.0059 | ||||||
| Myalgia | 0.60 | 0.43–0.83 | 0.0023 | 0.26 | 0.14–0.48 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Sleep disorders | 0.96 | 0.64–1.43 | 0.8444 | 0.63 | 0.35–1.13 | 0.1209 | ||||||
| Cognitive impairment (including dysexecutive syndrome) | 1.67 | 1.22–2.29 | 0.0013 | 2.68 | 1.83–3.93 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Hyperactive delirium | 2.04 | 1.31–3.17 | 0.0015 | 1.40 | 0.85–2.33 | 0.1846 | ||||||
| Hypoactive delirium/acute encephalopathy | 2.28 | 1.44–3.58 | 0.0004 | 2.53 | 1.59–4.03 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Stupor/coma | 6.22 | 3.59–10.77 | <0.0001 | 12.01 | 4.35–33.11 | <0.0001 | 21.77 | 13.62–34.81 | <0.0001 | 22.77 | 12.1–42.86 | <0.0001 |
| Syncope | 0.34 | 0.18–0.66 | 0.0013 | 0.10 | 0.03–0.31 | <0.0001 | 0.47 | 0.17–1.34 | 0.1576 | |||
| Seizures/status epilepticus | 0.74 | 0.46–1.19 | 0.2149 | 1.14 | 0.62–2.11 | 0.6701 | ||||||
| Meningitis/encephalitis | 0.77 | 0.40–1.48 | 0.4379 | 0.75 | 0.29–1.95 | 0.5514 | ||||||
| Stroke | 3.06 | 2.19–4.28 | <0.0001 | 2.89 | 1.88–4.44 | <0.0001 | 2.43 | 1.66–3.56 | <0.0001 | |||
| Tremor | 0.56 | 0.33–0.98 | 0.0402 | 0.44 | 0.17–1.13 | 0.0865 | ||||||
| Chorea | ne | ne | 0.9780 | ne | ne | 0.9858 | ||||||
| Dystonia | 0.10 | 0.02–0.44 | 0.0024 | 0.02 | 0.00–0.14 | <0.0001 | 0.29 | 0.04–2.19 | 0.2288 | |||
| Myoclonus | 0.89 | 0.32–2.48 | 0.8263 | 1.25 | 0.35–4.51 | 0.7288 | ||||||
| Dyskinesia | 0.22 | 0.05–1.07 | 0.0600 | 1.43 | 0.30–6.98 | 0.6555 | ||||||
| Parkinsonism | 0.58 | 0.24–1.39 | 0.2202 | 0.24 | 0.03–1.83 | 0.1704 | ||||||
| Ataxia | 0.59 | 0.37–0.94 | 0.0273 | 0.39 | 0.17–0.91 | 0.0301 | ||||||
| Spinal cord disorder | 0.93 | 0.47–1.83 | 0.8238 | 0.28 | 0.07–1.19 | 0.0853 | ||||||
| Peripheral neuropathy | 1.54 | 0.93–2.53 | 0.0919 | 0.45 | 0.20–1.00 | 0.0499 | ||||||
| ICU admission | 5.81 | 3.93–8.59 | <0.0001 | 5.62 | 3.54–8.95 | <0.0001 | 3.01 | 2.05–4.43 | <0.0001 | 2.17 | 1.18–4.00 | 0.0130 |
| Pre‐morbid mRS | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 (ref.) | – | 0.6842 | 1 (ref.) | – | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 1 | 1.16 | 0.77–1.75 | 0.96 | 0.49–1.86 | ||||||||
| 2 | 1.24 | 0.76–2.02 | 2.45 | 1.32–4.56 | ||||||||
| 3 | 0.93 | 0.58–1.47 | 3.04 | 1.70–5.43 | ||||||||
| 4 | 0.96 | 0.56–1.63 | 5.58 | 3.06–10.22 | ||||||||
| 5 | 0.63 | 0.29–1.39 | 6.97 | 3.04–15.98 | ||||||||
Abbreviations: Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; OR, odds ratio; ne, not estimable; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
a
Worse outcome, mRS score at discharge higher than pre‐morbid mRS score; stable/improved outcome, mRS score at discharge equal to or lower than pre‐morbid mRS score.