TABLE 4.
Predictors of outcome at 6 months (N = 262)
| Worse outcome vs. stable/improved outcome a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable model | Multivariable model | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | p value | Adj. OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 (ref.) | 0.9979 | ||||
| Female | 1.02 | 0.62–1.67 | ||||
| Intersex/unknown | ne | ne | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Yes | 0.80 | 0.35–1.84 | 0.5947 | |||
| No | 1 (ref.) | – | ||||
| Unknown | 1.63 | 0.52–5.14 | ||||
| Source of COVID‐19 contact | ||||||
| Occupation | 0.23 | 0.10–0.50 | 0.0008 | |||
| Family member | 0.36 | 0.17–0.78 | ||||
| Social | 0.36 | 0.13–1.02 | ||||
| Travel | 0.79 | 0.23–2.71 | ||||
| Other/unknown | 1 (ref.) | – | ||||
| Age at admission (1‐year increase) | 1.03 | 1.02–1.05 | 0.0001 | |||
| BMI (1‐unit increase) | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.6458 | |||
| Non‐neurological comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.96 | 1.19–3.23 | 0.0085 | |||
| Diabetes type 1/type 2 | 1.26 | 0.66–2.40 | 0.4771 | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 2.25 | 1.22–4.15 | 0.0095 | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 7.88 | 1.75–35.45 | 0.0071 | |||
| Chronic liver disease | 0.76 | 0.17–3–45 | 0.7181 | |||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.95 | 0.45–2.01 | 0.8851 | |||
| Anaemia | 2.08 | 0.51–8.52 | 0.3070 | |||
| Cancer | 0.47 | 0.19–1.15 | 0.0996 | |||
| Immunosuppressed state | 1.02 | 0.29–3.60 | 0.9796 | |||
| Neurological comorbidities | ||||||
| Dementia | 0.32 | 0.08–1.22 | 0.0955 | |||
| Parkinson's disease | 0.67 | 0.11–4–09 | 0.6664 | |||
| Stroke: ICH, ischaemic stroke, TIA | 2.08 | 1.01–4.31 | 0.0475 | 0.27 | 0.08–0.91 | 0.0302 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 0.25 | 0.03–2.25 | 0.2153 | |||
| Motor neuron disease | ne | ne | – | |||
| Neuromuscular disorder | 1.54 | 0.25–9.36 | 0.6410 | |||
| Neuropathy | 0.33 | 0.03–3.25 | 0.3443 | |||
| COVID‐19 systemic complications | ||||||
| Dyspnoea | 1.13 | 0.69–1.86 | 0.6225 | |||
| Pneumonia | 1.34 | 0.81–2.20 | 0.2501 | |||
| Cardiovascular | 3.84 | 1.37–10.76 | 0.0105 | |||
| Renal insufficiency/dialysis | 4.19 | 1.35–13.01 | 0.0131 | |||
| Coagulation disorder/disseminated intravascular coagulation | 2.83 | 0.73–10.91 | 0.1317 | |||
| Refractory shock | ne | ne | 0.9907 | |||
| Extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) | 1.02 | 0.14–7.33 | 0.9872 | |||
| Mechanical ventilation | 2.77 | 1.30–5.88 | 0.0081 | |||
| Neurological findings | ||||||
| Headache | 0.71 | 0.43–1.18 | 0.1925 | |||
| Hyposmia/hypogeusia | 0.52 | 0.30–0.88 | 0.0152 | |||
| Dysautonomia | 1.22 | 0.53–2.84 | 0.6393 | |||
| Vertigo | 1.27 | 0.66–2.44 | 0.4711 | |||
| Myalgia | 0.95 | 0.55–1.63 | 0.8451 | |||
| Sleep disorders | 1.14 | 0.59–2.18 | 0.1209 | |||
| Cognitive impairment (including dysexecutive syndrome) | 2.09 | 1.17–3.74 | 0.0125 | |||
| Hyperactive delirium | 1.65 | 0.83–3.28 | 0.1542 | |||
| Hypoactive delirium/acute encephalopathy | 3.07 | 1.24–7.60 | 0.0151 | |||
| Stupor/coma | 5.43 | 1.17–25.32 | 0.0311 | |||
| Syncope | 0.67 | 0.11–4.09 | 0.6664 | |||
| Seizures/status epilepticus | 0.74 | 0.30–1.83 | 0.5196 | |||
| Meningitis/encephalitis | 1.37 | 0.30–6.23 | 0.6869 | |||
| Stroke | 6.35 | 3.02–13.36 | <0.0001 | 8.51 | 2.77–26.13 | 0.0007 |
| Tremor | 1.82 | 0.52–6.39 | 0.3475 | |||
| Chorea | ne | ne | 0.8997 | |||
| Dystonia | ne | ne | 0.9906 | |||
| Myoclonus | 1.02 | 0.06–16.43 | 0.9910 | |||
| Dyskinesia | ne | ne | 0.9907 | |||
| Parkinsonism | ne | ne | 0.9790 | |||
| Ataxia | 6.03 | 1.31–27.78 | 0.0212 | 6.94 | 1.18–40.68 | 0.0180 |
| Spinal cord disorder | 1.72 | 0.40–7.36 | 0.4635 | |||
| Peripheral neuropathy | 1.84 | 0.81–4.20 | 0.1462 | |||
| ICU admission | 6.39 | 3.19–12.79 | <0.0001 | 3.59 | 1.49–8.66 | 0.0017 |
| Pre‐morbid mRS | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (ref.) | – | 0.8153 | |||
| 1 | 1.01 | 0.53–1.92 | ||||
| 2 | 0.65 | 0.23–1–79 | ||||
| 3 | 0.82 | 0.30–2.24 | ||||
| 4 | 0.37 | 0.07–1.97 | ||||
| 5 | 0.69 | 0.15–3.20 | ||||
| Discharge mRS | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (ref.) | – | <0.0001 | 1 (ref) | – | <0.0001 |
| 1 | 11.60 | 3.96–33.97 | 6.71 | 2.03–22.15 | ||
| 2 | 19.33 | 6.34–58.98 | 12.96 | 3.60–46.66 | ||
| 3 | 39.44 | 12.44–125.0 | 21.46 | 5.92–77.73 | ||
| 4 | 28.35 | 8.55–93.98 | 19.38 | 4.87–77.14 | ||
| 5 | 50.26 | 10.64–237.4 | 23.64 | 4.32–129.3 | ||
Abbreviations: Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; OR, odds ratio; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
a
Worse outcome, mRS score at discharge higher than pre‐morbid mRS score; stable/improved outcome, mRS score at discharge equal to or lower than pre‐morbid mRS score.