Table 1.
Sample profile and descriptive statistics.
| Wave 1 (n = 767) |
Wave 2 (n = 540) |
|
|---|---|---|
| M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | |
| Age | 44.26 (12.31) | 44.91 (12.26) |
| Gender (Male) | 52% | 54.6% |
| Ethnicity (Chinese) | 84.5% | 86.3% |
| Malay | 8.3% | 8.0% |
| Indian | 4.8% | 4.1% |
| Eurasian | 0.7% | 0.6% |
| Other | 1.7% | 1.1% |
| Education (Upper secondary or less) | 12.3% | 12.4% |
| Junior college, pre-university, polytechnic | 30.2% | 29.4% |
| University | 45.9% | 47.4% |
| Graduate/professional degree | 11.6% | 10.7% |
| Income (SGD) (below 3999) | 19.6% | 17.6% |
| 4000–7999 | 35.5% | 35.9% |
| 8000–11999 | 24.6% | 25.6% |
| 12000 and above | 20.4% | 20.9% |
| Exposure to misinformation | 1.97 (0.86) | 2.12 (0.93) |
| News overload | 2.73 (0.74) | 2.83 (0.81) |
| Analysis paralysis | 2.35 (0.91) | 2.44 (0.96) |
| News fatigue | 2.46 (1.02) | 2.63 (1.06) |
| News avoidance | 1.97 (0.98) | 2.10 (0.92) |
| Belief in misinformation | 2.23 (0.87) | 2.09 (0.79) |
Note. No significant differences were found across Wave 1 and Wave 2, except for exposure to misinformation, t (539) = –4.58, p < .01; news overload, t (539) = –2.87, p < .01; and belief in misinformation,t (539) = –3.50, p < .01. Wave 2 sample scored slightly higher in exposure to misinformation and news overload than Wave 1 sample, while Wave 1 sample scored higher belief in misinformation thanWave 2 sample.